Pathophysiology of cell phone radiation: oxidative stress and carcinogenesis with focus on male reproductive system
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BioMed Central
Open Access
Review
Pathophysiology of cell phone radiation: oxidative stress and carcinogenesis with focus on male reproductive system Nisarg R Desai1,2, Kavindra K Kesari3 and Ashok Agarwal*1 Address: 1Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute and Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 2Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, New York, USA and 3School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India Email: Nisarg R Desai - [email protected]; Kavindra K Kesari - [email protected]; Ashok Agarwal* - [email protected] * Corresponding author
Published: 22 October 2009 Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2009, 7:114
doi:10.1186/1477-7827-7-114
Received: 13 August 2009 Accepted: 22 October 2009
This article is available from: http://www.rbej.com/content/7/1/114 © 2009 Desai et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract Hazardous health effects stemming from exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RFEMW) emitted from cell phones have been reported in the literature. However, the cellular target of RF-EMW is still controversial. This review identifies the plasma membrane as a target of RFEMW. In addition, the effects of RF-EMW on plasma membrane structures (i.e. NADH oxidase, phosphatidylserine, ornithine decarboxylase) and voltage-gated calcium channels are discussed. We explore the disturbance in reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism caused by RF-EMW and delineate NADH oxidase mediated ROS formation as playing a central role in oxidative stress (OS) due to cell phone radiation (with a focus on the male reproductive system). This review also addresses: 1) the controversial effects of RF-EMW on mammalian cells and sperm DNA as well as its effect on apoptosis, 2) epidemiological, in vivo animal and in vitro studies on the effect of RFEMW on male reproductive system, and 3) finally, exposure assessment and dosimetry by computational biomodeling.
Background The health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) emitted from cell phones have been debated greatly [1,2]. Researchers initially were concerned about how microwave radiation affected human biological systems by increasing tissue temperature--in other words, its thermal effects [3]. To protect the public from excessive exposure to RF-EMW, limits were established by international organizations such as the ICNIRP (International Commission on Non Ionizing Radiation Protection) [4]. For example, the limit of radiation exposure from a mobile phone in the United States and Europe is 1.6 Watts/kg and 2.0 Watts/kg, respectively [1,4].
Recent studies demonstrated microwaves emitted from t
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