Cellular Function and Adhesion Mechanisms of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes
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Cellular Function and Adhesion Mechanisms of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes ANTHOULA A. KROUSTALLI,1 SOUZANA N. KOURKOULI,2 and DESPINA D. DELIGIANNI1 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece; and 2Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece (Received 24 January 2013; accepted 26 June 2013) Associate Editor Stefan Jockenhoevel oversaw the review of this article.
Abstract—Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are considered to be excellent reinforcements for biorelated applications, but, before being incorporated into biomedical devices, their biocompatibility need to be investigated thoroughly. We investigated the ability of films of pristine MWCNTs to influence human mesenchymal stem cells’ proliferation, morphology, and differentiation into osteoblasts. Moreover, the selective integrin subunit expression and the adhesion mechanism to the substrate were evaluated on the basis of adherent cell number and adhesion strength, following the treatment of cells with blocking antibodies to a series of integrin subunits. Results indicated that MWCNTs accelerated cell differentiation to a higher extent than tissue culture plastic, even in the absence of additional biochemical inducing agents. The pre-treatment with anti-integrin antibodies decreased number of adherent cells and adhesion strength at 4–60%, depending on integrin subunit. These findings suggest that pristine MWCNTs represent a suitable reinforcement for bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Keywords—Cellular function, Adhesion, Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, Multiwalled carbon nanotubes.
INTRODUCTION CNTs can be used as biosensors, biomedical devices, or tissue engineering materials.4,12 Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are considered to be excellent reinforcements for biorelated applications on account of their remarkable structural, mechanical, and thermal properties. Their implantation in bone may not only improve the mechanical properties of damaged bone tissue but also to stimulate bone regeneration, as nanofibers are thought to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM)23,25 and allow the differAddress correspondence to Despina D. Deligianni, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece. Electronic mail: [email protected]
entiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) toward osteoblasts. However, before MWCNTs can be incorporated into new and existing biomedical devices, their biocompatibility need to be investigated thoroughly. Nanomaterial cytotoxicity is composition, size, and cell type dependent. Many conflicting reports on in vitro uptake and cytotoxic effects of pristine MWCNTs have been published demonstrating either a decrease in cell viability5 and up-regulation of genes associated with inflammation and apoptosis8 or a minimal/no decrease in cell viability.27 CNT based substrates have been shown that generally support the growth and function of osteoblastic cel
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