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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butyrate membranes for water desalination applications Salah F. Abdellah Ali . Lovert A. William . Eman A. Fadl

Received: 27 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020

Abstract The most common reverse osmosis (RO) membranes that achieved economic water desalination applications are made of cellulose acetate (CA). Cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) have been blended with CA as innovative combinations to produce RO membranes through phase inversion technique. The relation between membranes compositions, structure, morphology, hydrophilicity and applicability were examined. Scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared were used to evaluate the microstructure of these membranes. Hydrophilicity, strength, salt rejection and flow permeates were tested using a cross-flow reverse osmosis system and contact angle calculations. The contact angle measurements showed an increase from 56° for CA membrane to 71° for CAP membrane and 74° for CAB membrane. The hydro-phobicity of such membranes increased as CAP and CAB loadings increased. The salt rejection of pristine RO membranes increased from 93.2% with permeate of 1.4 L/m2 h for CA membrane to 96.8% with permeate of 1.07 L/m2 h for CAB membrane and S. F. Abdellah Ali (&) Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia e-mail: [email protected] S. F. Abdellah Ali  L. A. William  E. A. Fadl Materials Science Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

97.8% with permeate of 18.62 L/m2hr for CAP membrane. The salt rejection of supported membranes onto a nonwoven polyester fabric decreased from 92.8% with permeate of 3.78 L/m2 h for CA/0.5 wt% CAP to 91.4% with permeate of 6.05 L/m2 h for CA/ 0.5 wt% CAB and 88.5% with permeate of 5.84 L/m2 h for CA/0.1 wt% CAP/0.1 wt% CAB. Keywords Desalination membranes  Cellulose acetate  Cellulose acetate propionate  Cellulose acetate butyrate  R-O membranes and phase inversion

Introduction Two-thirds of the world populations live under severe water shortage conditions for one month a year at least. Half a billion people around the world face a scarcity of water all year round (Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2016). The challenge in providing safe water reserves to be utilized over a period of time and leads to a decrease of sufficient water supply (Sabde et al. 1997). About 1.1 billion people in the world are under water stress and reside in developed countries. The area experiences water tension if the water volume average below 1700 m3 per person per year, water shortage is indicated at a level from 1700 m3 to 1000 m3 per person per year and water scarcity is expected at a level below 1000 m3 per person per year according to the Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator

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Cellulose

(Brown and Matlock 2011). The desalination cycle