Cellulose and Other Polysaccharides Surface Properties and Their Characterisation
This chapter presents comprehensive information about surface phenomena of cellulose and polysaccharide surfaces. It comprises the necessary description of cellulose moieties, of measuring methods and recent results of polysaccharides surface modification
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Cellulose and Other Polysaccharides Surface Properties and Their Characterisation Karin Stana-Kleinschek, Heike M.A. Ehmann, Stefan Spirk, Alesˇ Dolisˇka, Hubert Fasl, Lidija Fras-Zemljicˇ, Rupert Kargl, Tamilselvan Mohan, Doris Breitwieser, and Volker Ribitsch
Contents 8.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4
Introduction .............................................216 Model Polysaccharide Surfaces: Cellulose .....216 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) .....................219 Textile Cellulose Fibres ..............................219 Pulp Fibres................................................220
8.2 Methods...................................................222 8.2.1 Polysaccharide Surface Chemical Composition..............................................223 8.2.2 Polysaccharide Surface Morphology: Roughness and Layer Thickness...................224 8.2.3 Polysaccharide Interaction Ability ................226 8.2.4 Molecular Modelling ..................................229 8.3 Interaction Ability and Surface Characterisation.......................................230 8.3.1 Cellulose Model Films................................230 8.3.2 Cellulose Nanocomposites and PS in Nanoparticle Synthesis................................230 8.3.3 Textile and Pulp Cellulose Fibres and Foils ...232 8.3.4 Cellulose Charge Modification .....................235 8.3.5 Polysaccharide Hybrid Materials ..................238 8.3.6 Modified Polymer Surfaces with Bioactive Polysaccharides .........................................241 8.3.7 Computations with Molecular Modelling.......244 8.4 Conclusion and Outlook............................246 References ..........................................................247
K. Stana-Kleinschek (*) Laboratory of Characterization and Processing Polymers, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
This chapter presents comprehensive information about surface phenomena of cellulose and polysaccharide surfaces. It comprises the necessary description of cellulose moieties, of measuring methods and recent results of polysaccharides surface modification and characterisation. The first part describes different cellulose moieties starting with model cellulose surfaces, allowing basic studies of interface phenomena at well-defined surfaces and provides general information and deepens the understanding of interaction processes. It is extended to nanocrystalline cellulose and further to technological cellulose products. The importance of structural information as the degree of crystallinity and amorphous regions and the voids size is briefly mentioned in the second part. The state-of-the-art measurement methods providing information about the chemical surface composition, the surface structure and roughness are discussed. The possibilities to measure thickness of cellulose layers using optical and other methods are presented. Particular attention is given to those methods providing information about polysaccharide surface at the solid/liquid interface, the surface e
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