Characterization and health risk assessment of organophosphate esters in indoor dust from urban and rural domestic house
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Characterization and health risk assessment of organophosphate esters in indoor dust from urban and rural domestic house and college dormitory in Nanjing, China Dong Li 1,2 & Qin Zhang 2 & Jianqiu Chen 1 & Shenghu Zhang 2 & Ninghui Song 2 & Huaizhou Xu 2,3 & Ruixin Guo 1 Received: 30 November 2019 / Accepted: 27 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Indoor dust is an important route of exposure for organophosphate esters (OPEs), which are associated with adverse health effects. In the present study, the pollution occurrence and potential health risks of 13 OPEs in indoor dust from urban homes, college dormitories, and rural homes in Nanjing were investigated. Most OPEs were detected in the tested samples. College dormitories dust samples showed significantly higher OPEs concentrations (132.31–1.61 × 103 ng/g), followed by that in urban homes (31.42–49.84 ng/g) and rural homes (51.19–309.75 ng/g). The Mann-Whitney U test found no significant difference in the total concentrations of OPEs except for some individual OPEs between urban and rural homes. Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the most abundant compound in all tested areas. Spearman correlation coefficients and principal component analysis indicated that OPEs might originate from different sources in three microenvironments. Estimated exposures for adults and children in all indoor dust were below the relevant reference doses. Additionally, TCPP was the primary contributors to the non-carcinogenic risk, ranging from 1.07 × 10−6 to 2.20 × 10−5. Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate was the dominant carcinogenic risk contributor in indoor dust, with a range of 1.33 × 10−11 to 8.74 × 10−10. These results suggested that the health risk of OPEs was within acceptable limits in the tested areas. Keywords Organophosphate esters . Indoor dust . Urban home . Rural home . College dormitory . Health risk
Introduction With the phasing out and elimination of brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers worldwide, Responsible Editor: Constantini Samara Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09494-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Huaizhou Xu [email protected] * Ruixin Guo [email protected] 1
School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
2
Nanjing Institute of Environmental, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, China
3
Shen Shan Smart City Research Institute Co. Ltd., Technology Incubator Base 2#, Chuangfu Road, Ebu Town, Shenshan Special Cooperation Zone, Shenzhen 516473, China
organophosphates easters (OPEs) have been promoted to be suitable alternatives due to their good flame retardant, plasticizing, and lubricating properties (Luongo and Östman 2015; Wei et al. 2015), and are widely used in building materials, electronics, plastics, home decorations, and textiles (He et al. 2015; Liu et al.
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