Occurrence, potential sources, in vitro bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of heavy metal in indoor dust from d
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Occurrence, potential sources, in vitro bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of heavy metal in indoor dust from different microenvironment of Bushehr, Iran Seyed Enayat Hashemi . Mehdi Fazlzadeh . Ehsan Ahmadi . Masoud Parand . Bahman Ramavandi . Farhad Taghizadeh . Hossein Arfaeinia
Received: 9 June 2019 / Accepted: 6 May 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Indoor dust samples were collected from 42 microenvironments of residential buildings (RB, 15 samples), official buildings (OB, 10 samples), laboratory rooms (LR, 7 samples), and school classroom (SCR, 10 samples) in Bushehr, whereby the concentration of zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and chromium was studied. The results of this study indicated that the mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni in the indoor dust samples were 567.18, 186.09, 209.01, 5.31, 143.20, and 57.09 mg/kg in RB, 1077.34, 539.67, 274.89, 8.12, 155.30, and 92.55 mg/ kg in OB, 246.40, 149.56, 127.2, 1.96, 43.45, and 91.09 mg/kg in LR and 271.43, 189.84, 164.44, 3.06, 124.20, and 70.09 mg/kg in SCR. The results of principal cluster analysis showed that the heavy metals in indoor environments were mostly originated from
smoking tobacco and cigarette, traffic sources, old building materials, and building paint colors. The results of this study also revealed that the concentration of heavy metals in indoor dust had a negative and significant relationship (P value \ 0.05 in most cases) with rate of ventilation, and a positive and significant relationship with smoking inside buildings (P value \ 0.05 in most cases). The bioaccessibility for zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and chromium was 69.12, 40.08, 43.33, 79.81, 31.10, and 6.31%, respectively, in indoor dust. Further, risk assessment showed that the risk values of carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity resulting from heavy metals inside the studied microenvironments had exceeded the recommended safe limit by EPA. In terms of potential ecological risks, it was found that heavy
S. E. Hashemi M. Parand B. Ramavandi H. Arfaeinia (&) Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran e-mail: [email protected]
E. Ahmadi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
S. E. Hashemi B. Ramavandi H. Arfaeinia Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr, Iran
E. Ahmadi Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran F. Taghizadeh Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
M. Fazlzadeh Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Environ Geochem Health
metals in these microenvi
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