Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in urban rivers from Piracicaba watershed (Brazil)
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URBAN CONTAMINANTS: CONTROL MEASURES, REMEDIATION ACTIONS AND TOXICOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in urban rivers from Piracicaba watershed (Brazil) Joyce Cristale 1
&
Izabela Oliveira Santos 1 & Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro 1 & Enelton Fagnani 1
Received: 25 April 2020 / Accepted: 15 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are substances globally used as flame retardants and plasticizers that have been detected in all environmental compartments. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and sources of ten OPEs in the Piracicaba River Basin (Brazil). Twelve sampling sites were selected in five rivers with different pollution sources; six sampling campaigns were performed encompassing dry and wet seasons. ΣOPEs ranged from 0.12 to 6.2 μg L−1; the levels in urban areas were higher than in rural and non-urban areas, but no overall tendency concerning the seasonal effect on OPEs concentrations was observed. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) were the most abundant and frequently detected compounds. Nine OPEs were detected at higher concentrations in a site affected by effluents from textile industries. An acute toxicity test using Daphnia similis was performed for tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) for the calculation of a preliminary predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). The risk quotient (RQ) approach was applied and risk to aquatic environment related to TEHP levels was observed in areas adjacent to textile industries, but more toxicity studies are required for the determination of a more reliable PNEC. Keywords Organophosphorus flame retardants . Surface water . Emerging contaminants . Seasonality . Ecotoxicity . Risk assessment
Introduction Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are additives used as flame retardants and plasticizers in electronic equipment, polyurethane foam, building materials, hydraulic fluids, floor polishes, and textiles (Pantelaki and Voutsa 2019). These additives are used to meet fire safety standards by slowing down the combustion propagation, additionally providing flexibility in different types of materials. The use of OPEs has increased since the phase out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers Responsible Editor: Ester Heath Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10150-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Joyce Cristale [email protected] 1
School of Technology, University of Campinas–UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil
(PBDEs) in several countries as a consequence of their toxicity to the environment and human health, bioaccumulation, and persistence (Pantelaki and Voutsa 2019). Since the early 2000’s a concern about the effects caused by occurrences of OPEs in the environment has been growing. These compounds are not chemically bound to th
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