Chemical Analysis and Characterization of Biomass for Biorefineries
The aim of this chapter is to offer different chemical analyses and characterization options for researchers or whoever is looking for an appropriate methodology to analyze results obtained in laboratory tests, especially assuming the challenge to find th
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Chemical Analysis and Characterization of Biomass for Biorefineries Luz Marina Flórez-Pardo and Jorge Enrique López-Galán
Abstract The aim of this chapter is to offer different chemical analyses and characterization options for researchers or whoever is looking for an appropriate methodology to analyze results obtained in laboratory tests, especially assuming the challenge to find the best process to achieve bio-products under biorefinery concept. In this way, the information provided will be very useful to evaluate the results and moreover, to improve the research process. That is the reason why analytical techniques to characterize different lignocellulosic biomass are described with detailed data about its principles and methodology, emphasizing either physical or chemical protocols that are followed normally in research laboratories. Taking into account that lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses are the principal compounds of these kinds of raw materials, which in general are residues, the information is emphasized with that target of analysis. Nevertheless, as it is possible to obtain a lot of bio-products from biomass, like sugars, alcohols, aromatics, biopolymers and so on, other analytical methods are included. Keywords Gravimetric characterization
analysis
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Compositional
analysis
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Chemical
9.1 Generalities 9.1.1 Types of Biomass Biomass is all organic matter produced by the process of photosynthesis where many molecules are synthesized by sunlight. These molecules fulfill a specific function within the plant and denote high contents of chemical energy. Every year, about L.M. Flórez-Pardo (*) Department of Energy and Mechanics, Autónoma of Occidente University, Calle 25 # 115-85, Cali, Colombia e-mail: [email protected] J.E. López-Galán School of Chemical Engineering, University of Valle, Calle 13 # 100-00, Cali, Colombia e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S. Vaz Jr. (ed.), Analytical Techniques and Methods for Biomass, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41414-0_9
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L.M. Flórez-Pardo and J.E. López-Galán
2.2 x 1011 dry tons of biomass (Oliva Domínguez 2015) is produced and can supply the demand for global energy, overtaking it about 9 times. It can be categorized according to its origin (Ballesteros et al. 2001) in natural, residual, and from energy crops as described below. • Natural biomass: refers to biomass that is generated naturally in each ecosystem. Because it has not undergone any transformation and in order to maintain the habitats where it grows, this type of biomass is not considered suitable to be harnessed for energy or industrial purposes. • Residual biomass: consists of organic residues generated after natural biomass is transformed. It is classified according to its origin as follows: –– Agricultural residues such as those generated from woody and herbaceous crops, as residues obtained from periodic and annual pruning of coffee and sugar cane, cereal crops (straw, leaves, seed husks, etc.), cane (leaves and tops), p
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