Chemical fractionation and risk assessment of surface sediments in Luhun Reservoir, Luoyang city, China
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Chemical fractionation and risk assessment of surface sediments in Luhun Reservoir, Luoyang city, China Mengmeng Wang 1,2 & Gangfu Song 3 & Chao Zhang 1 & Fujie Zhai 1,2 & Wenchuan Wang 2 & Zhixin Song 3 Received: 21 March 2020 / Accepted: 28 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract To understand the potential risks of heavy metals, including their bioavailability and toxicity, 15 surface sediment samples were collected from Luhun Reservoir in Luoyang city, China. Total concentrations and chemical fractions of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed. Various rating methods were used to evaluate the degree, risk, and toxicity of the heavy metal pollution. Results showed that Cd and Pb were preferentially associated with exchangeable (55.77–69.76%) and reducible (53.54–69.43%) fractions, respectively, and therefore exhibited high potential availability. Cr (57.14–86.56%) and Ni (32.21–72.77%) occurred primarily in the residual fraction. Metal concentrations in the effective fraction of the sediment decreased in the order: Cd (96.32%) > Pb (91.61%) > Cu (64.54%) > Zn (57.23%) > Ni (41.51%) > Cr (21.68%). Risk assessment indicated that the risk for Cd is extremely high (62.96%); Cu, Pb, and Zn are ranked as medium risk. Based on the potential ecological risk index, these metals (especially Cd) showed higher potential risk near the dam region. Toxic unit values (2.89–6.05) in more than 60% of sediment sites exceeded a value of 4, and Pb had a relatively higher contribution (1.06–2.65). Cd and Pb are the main contaminants in sediments of Luhun Reservoir and should be paid more attention in the future. Keywords Luhun Reservoir . Sediment . Heavy metal . Chemical fraction . Risk assessment
Introduction Heavy metals have a detrimental impact on the environment for many years (Li et al. 2019). Pollution by heavy metals has Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09512-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Gangfu Song [email protected] * Chao Zhang [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10085, People’s Republic of China
2
School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, People’s Republic of China
3
School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, People’s Republic of China
attracted more attention in the last few decades because although they are necessary for organism health in trace amounts, they tend to cause toxicity at higher levels (Saleem et al. 2018). Sediment serves a role as a sink for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems, but metals in sediment may be released to surrounding water when environmental conditions change, causing a potential risk to aqua
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