Chemical-Free Extraction and Identification of Sugar Components from Oil Palm Biomass Through a Hydrothermal Process
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Chemical‑Free Extraction and Identification of Sugar Components from Oil Palm Biomass Through a Hydrothermal Process Vasagi Ramachandran1 · Noor Shartika Jusoh1 · Megat Johari Megat Mohd Noor1 · Fazrena Nadia Md. Akhir1 · Nor’azizi Othman2 · Zuriati Zakaria1 · Hirofumi Hara1 Received: 30 April 2020 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Purpose The aims of this research were to extract sugar-based products from oil palm biomass, oil palm fronds (OPFs) and oil palm fruit pressed fibers (FPFs) via a hydrothermal process using accelerated solvent extraction and to identify the sugar content of the aqueous phase at different temperatures and reaction times. Methods The liquid products obtained from accelerated solvent extraction were further analyzed for the total sugar content and number of sugar components using the phenol-sulfuric acid method and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results The highest sugar contents of the FPF and OPF samples were detected at 180 °C and at reaction times of 10 min and 30 min. Further extension of the reaction time at 180 °C showed that the optimal hydrolysis durations were 50 min for FPFs and 40 min for OPFs. These results may have been due to the physical structures and compositions of the samples. Analysis of the qualitative data indicated the presence of more sugar components in the FPF sample than in the OPF sample. This result was possibly due to the presence of unique and unidentified sugar components in the OPF sample. Conclusions Hydrothermal processing via accelerated solvent extraction is a promising solution for the hydrolysis and fractionation of oil palm biomass to extract total sugars. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Hydrothermal process · Accelerated solvent extraction · Oil palm fruit pressed fiber · Oil palm frond · Sugar components · Hemicellulose Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01297-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Abbreviations GC–MS Gas chromatography ASE Dionex ASE 350 accelerated solvent extraction
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FPF Oil palm fruit press fiber OPF Oil palm frond BSA N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide
Statement of Novelty Sugar components were extracted from oil palm fruit pressed fibers and oil palm fronds via accelerated solvent extraction as a hydrothermal process.
Introduction Oil palm, also known as Elaeis guineensis, originated in West Africa but is now planted in all tropical areas of the world [1]. In 2016–2017, vegetable oil was primarily produced from palm and palm kernels (37.6%), followed by soybean (30%) [2]. Indonesia and Malaysia are the two major producers of palm oil, accounting for 84% of its global production [3]. However, the quantity of biomass produced by oil palm plantations far exceeds the amount utilized, and only a small portion of the oil palm tree is used for oil production. The
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