Chinese ENGOs and the Heavy-Metal Pollution of the Consumer-Electronics Industry: Exploring the Constraining Factors
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Chinese ENGOs and the Heavy-Metal Pollution of the Consumer-Electronics Industry: Exploring the Constraining Factors Yitian Huang 1 Received: 26 June 2020 / Accepted: 23 September 2020/ # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The heavy-metal pollution of the consumer-electronics industry has been a serious environmental problem in China. Since 2010, Chinese ENGOs have taken a few measures to address this challenge. Under the influence of other stakeholders, Chinese ENGOs have only played a limited role. To further explore the potential of domestic ENGOs, it would be necessary to understand how they have approached the heavymetal challenge and why their contribution has been moderate. By using the method of “process tracing,” this paper presents a preliminary attempt to trace and generate localized knowledge of Chinese ENGOs’ approach and the influence of other stakeholders. Specifically, this paper divides the actions of Chinese ENGOs into the following three phases: initial participation, progressive involvement of MNCs, and collaborative tracking and online disclosure. Then, it traces the participation of Chinese mass media, domestic suppliers, local governments, and communities. It argues that the following six constraining factors have contributed to shaping the limited role of those Chinese ENGOs: (1) the complexity of the consumer-electronics supplier network; (2) Chinese ENGOs’ lack of leverage on MNCs; (3) Chinese ENGOs’ shortage of financial and human resources under a broad agenda; (4) domestic mass media’s lack of longterm interest; (5) reluctant participation of Chinese suppliers and local governments; and (6) conflicting interests within local communities. Three policy options for further exploring the potential of Chinese ENGOs are discussed, including financial and technical support, further engagement of international ENGOs, and supportive policy-making and interregional coordination by local governments. Keywords ENGOs, . MNCs, . Heavy-metal pollution, . Consumer-electronics industry, .
China
* Yitian Huang [email protected]
1
School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
East Asia
Introduction In the past few decades, manufacturing industries have rapidly developed in many developing countries and been integrated into transnational supply chains. For developing countries, being involved in transnational supply chains could provide many positive benefits, such as economic growth and employment [14]. However, as participating countries may be at different levels in transnational supply chains, disputes often arise with regard to the allocation of benefits and costs. For example, multinational corporations (MNCs hereinafter) are often in control of advanced technology, brands, and other high-end resources. Yet, many of their suppliers, which take charge of the manufacturing processes, are located in developing countries so as to take advantage of relatively lax environmental regulations [1]. In particular, heavy environmental
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