Chlorpyrifos removal: Nb/boron-doped diamond anode coupled with solid polymer electrolyte and ultrasound irradiation
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Chlorpyrifos removal: Nb/boron-doped diamond anode coupled with solid polymer electrolyte and ultrasound irradiation Andrea Luca Tasca 1 & Davide Clematis 2 & Marco Panizza 2 & Sandra Vitolo 1 & Monica Puccini 1 Received: 20 March 2020 / Accepted: 29 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide, acaricide and miticide used worldwide for the control of soil-borne insect pests. It must be considered as a substance of growing concern, given its use, toxicity, environmental occurrence, and potential for regional to long-range atmospheric transport. Considering the incomplete removal attained by conventional water treatment processes, we investigated the efficiency of electrolytic radicals production and sonoelectrolysis on the degradation of the pesticide. The treatment has been conducted in a novel electrochemical reactor, equipped with a boron-doped diamond anode and a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). Different current intensity and times have been tested and coupled with sonication at 40 kHz. Up to 69% of chlorpyrifos was completely removed in 10 min by electrolysis operated at 0.1 mA, while 12.5% and 5.4% was converted into the treatment intermediates 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) and diethyl (3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) phosphate, respectively. Ultrasound irradiation did not enhance the removal efficiency, likely due to mass transport limitations, while the energy consumption increased from 8.68∙10− 6 to 9.34∙10− 4 kWh µg− 1 removed. Further research is encouraged, given the promising processing by the SPE technology of low conductivity solutions, as pharmaceuticals streams, as well as the potential for water and in-situ groundwater remediation from different emerging pollutants as phytosanitary and personal care products. Keywords Boron-doped diamond . Solid polymer electrolyte . By-products . Water treatment . Anodic oxidation . Sonication.
Introduction Chlorpyrifos (CP) is an organophosphorus insecticide, acaricide and miticide effective against a broad spectrum of insect pests. CP is a neurotoxic compound. The inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in the central and peripheral nervous systems leads to the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, overstimulating muscarinic and nicotinic receptors (Zhao et al. 2006). This pesticide is part of the Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), a class of molecules with proven effects on male and female reproduction, breast and
* Monica Puccini [email protected] Andrea Luca Tasca [email protected] 1
Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, Pisa 56122, Italy
2
Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, Genoa 16145, Italy
prostate cancer, neuroendocrinology, thyroid, metabolism and cardiovascular endocrinology (Tasca and Fletcher, 2017). Human and wildlife exposure has been linked to atmospheric, water and soil resources contamination, as well as to food intake (
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