Climate change impacts on plant canopy architecture: implications for pest and pathogen management
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Climate change impacts on plant canopy architecture: implications for pest and pathogen management Ireneo B. Pangga & Jim Hanan & Sukumar Chakraborty
Accepted: 15 October 2012 / Published online: 25 October 2012 # KNPV 2012
Abstract Climate change influences on pests and pathogens are mainly plant-mediated. Rising carbon dioxide and temperature and altered precipitation modifies plant growth and development with concomitant changes in canopy architecture, size, density, microclimate and the quantity of susceptible tissue. The modified host physiology and canopy microclimate at elevated carbon dioxide influences production, dispersal and survival of pathogen inoculum and feeding behaviour of insect pests. Elevated temperature accelerates plant growth and developmental rates to modify canopy architecture and pest and pathogen development. Altered precipitation affects canopy architecture through either drought or flooding stress with corresponding effects on pests and pathogens. But canopy-level interactions are largely ignored in epidemiology models used to project climate change I. B. Pangga Crop Protection Cluster, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines 4031 J. Hanan Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Biological Information Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4072
impacts. Nevertheless, models based on rules of plant morphogenesis have been used to explore pest and pathogen dynamics and their trophic interactions under elevated carbon dioxide. The prospect of modifying canopy architecture for pest and disease management has also been raised. We offer a conceptual framework incorporating canopy characteristics in the traditional disease triangle concept to advance understanding of host-pathogen-environment interactions and explore how climate change may influence these interactions. From a review of recent literature we summarize interrelationships between canopy architecture of cultivated crops, pest and pathogen biology and climate change under four areas of research: (a) relationships between canopy architecture, microclimate and host-pathogen interaction; (b) effect of climate change related variables on canopy architecture; (c) development of pests and pathogens in modified canopy under climate change; and (d) pests and pathogen management under climate change. Keywords Microclimate . Pathogen evolution . Polycyclic epidemics . Elevated CO2 . Rules of plant morphogenesis
Introduction S. Chakraborty (*) CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia e-mail: [email protected]
Climate change projections suggest that by the end of this century atmospheric CO2 concentration may exceed 700 μmol mol−1 and global surface temperature
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may increase 1.8–4 °C depending on the emission scenario and there may be more heat waves and other extreme events (Pachauri and Reisinger 2007). The “fertilization effect” of rising CO2 will increase crop
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