Cobalt doping of titanium oxide nanoparticles for atenolol photodegradation in water
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Cobalt doping of titanium oxide nanoparticles for atenolol photodegradation in water Zeid A. Alothman 1 & Ahmad Yacine Badjah 1 & Omar M.L. Alharbi 2 & Imran Ali 1,2,3,4 Received: 21 August 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cobalt-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by FT-IR, TEM, SEM, and XRD. The surface morphology was sphere-shaped with ~ 26.46 nm of the size of the nanoparticles. Ninety percent atenolol photodegradation was obtained with 15 mg/L concentration, 40 min stirring time, 2 pH, 2.0 g/L dosage of nanoparticles, 200.0 nm irradiation UV wavelength, and hydrogen peroxide amount 2.0 mL/L at 30 °C temp. Atenolol photodegradation conformed the first-order kinetics with a mechanism comprising atenolol sorption on the doped TiO2 nanoparticles and its degradation in UV irradiation. Hole (h+) and electron (e−) pairs are produced by doped TiO2 nanoparticles, creating hydroxyl free radicals and superoxide oxygen anions. These species break down atenolol. Keywords Cobalt-doped titanium oxide nanoparticles . Atenolol photodegradation . Kinetics . Supramolecular mechanism, . Wastewater
Introduction Nowadays, the presence of drug residues and personal care products in water is a matter of great concern. A great demand for drugs and personal care products is increasing water pollution continuously. The drug residues and the personal care products are called the new emerging pollutants and are creating many problems, if present in water. Many drug residues have been reported in water in many places (Aboul-Enein and Ali 2004; Charuaud et al., 2019; Destrieux et al., 2017).
Responsible Editor: Sami Rtimi * Zeid A. Alothman [email protected] * Imran Ali [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawara 41477, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawara 41477, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University) New Delhi, New Delhi, India
Among the different types of drug residues, the presence of atenolol is serious for our health (Evgenidou et al., 2015; Lapworth et al., 2012). Chemically atenolol is 2-[4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)-propoxy]-phenyl]-acetamide and the structure is given in Fig. 1. Atenolol is a β-blocker medicine and is mainly used to treat the patients suffering from high blood pressure, chest pain (angina), migraines, and irregular heartbeats. Besides, it is a useful medicine for heart attacks, and to improve after a heart attack survivals (Atenolol Monograph for Professionals, 2018). This medicine works by blocking β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart, hence, declining the heart rate and workload (Atenolol Monograph for Professionals, 2018). This medicine was approved in 1975 for a medical purpose (Jan
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