Gum arabic and collagen hydrolysate extracted from hide fleshing wastes as novel wall materials for microencapsulation o
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Gum arabic and collagen hydrolysate extracted from hide fleshing wastes as novel wall materials for microencapsulation of Origanum onites L. essential oil through complex coacervation Bugra Ocak 1 Received: 1 May 2020 / Accepted: 20 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Renewable resource–based biodegradable materials attract more attention than petroleum-based biodegradable materials to support the sustainable development of ecology. Obtaining collagen hydrolysate (CH) from hide fleshing wastes of leather industry is an environmentally friendly way to develop multifunctional materials that can contribute to technological advances in different industries. In this study, 2:1, 1:1, and 1 2 ratios of gum arabic (GA) and CH extracted from hide fleshing waste were used as wall materials to encapsulate Origanum onites L. essential oil (OOEO) using the complex coacervation method. The encapsulation yield and efficiency, functional group composition, particle size, morphology, and thermal stability of the obtained OOEO microcapsules were characterized. The results showed that the obtained microcapsules had high encapsulation yield and efficiency, as well as good functional properties such as uniform morphology and low water activity. The best mass ratio for the biopolymers (GA:CH) was 1:1. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that OOEO microcapsule samples had a spherical shape. FTIR analysis was performed on obtained microcapsules, confirming the molecular interactions between GA and CH. These findings can be useful in designing an ideal wall material using GA and CH for microencapsulation of essential oils by the complex coacervation method. Keywords Collagen hydrolysate . Gum arabic . Essential oil . Complex coacervation . Microcapsule
Introduction Leather industry, one of the largest industrial sectors in developing countries, plays a significant role in economic development, due to realization of exports, and employs employment generation and social development (Erciyes and Ocak 2019; Khambhaty 2020; Moktadir et al. 2020). Leather production from raw hides/skins to finished leather needs a number of mechanical processing steps such as trimming, splitting, shaving, and buffing (China et al. 2020). During the converting process, substantial leather industry solid waste is generated, and these wastes are generally incinerated or disposed of in landfills or inappropriate places (Ocak 2012).
Responsible Editor: Santiago V. Luis * Bugra Ocak [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Leather Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
Over the past few years, the disposal of leather solid wastes with serious environmental risks has become a major challenge for the leather industry due to the community’s ecological awareness, the difficulty of finding new locations for landfills, dumping charges, and environmental issues (Ocak 2012; Erciyes and Ocak 2019; Zhan et al. 2019). These leather solid wastes
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