Commercialization and Conservation
Macrofungi have great economic value and are traded at world market fetching billions of dollars per annum. This high cost is probably because most species cannot be cultivated but are in great demand for gourmet cooking in many European countries and Nor
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Commercialization and Conservation
Macrofungi have great economic value and are traded at world market fetching billions of dollars per annum. This high cost is probably because most species cannot be cultivated but are in great demand for gourmet cooking in many European countries and North America (Yun and Hall 2004; Karwa et al. 2011). As per the retail market, C. cibarius and B. edulis have estimated 1.67 billion USD and more than 250 million USD per annum, respectively. A. caesarea is also in demand in international market. Major countries demanding these species include China, the United States, France, Italy, Spain Canada, and Germany (Hall et al. 2003; Arora and Dunham 2008). Both wild and cultivated macrofungi with use value to mankind contribute tremendously to world economy. The sporocarps are sold fresh or dried in local markets or traded distantly on large scale at national and international level (Gold et al. 2008; Turtiainen and Nuutinen 2012; Bulam et al. 2018). Occurrence of macrofungi in wild is a natural and chance phenomenon. To take advantages of useful macrofungi, these must be made available to the rapidly growing human population and that too at cheaper prices. Moreover, the extraction and purification of fungal metabolites for use as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals require large-scale production of fungal biomass. To obtain this meet, several species of useful wild fungi are under cultivation in different regions of the world. The most common mushrooms in cultivation worldwide are A. bisporus, Cordyceps sinensis, L. edodes, Pleurotus spp., Auricularia spp., and F. velutipes, G. lucidum, and Poria cocos. China leads mushroom production followed by Italy, the United States, Netherlands, and Poland (Feeney et al. 2014; Grimm and Wösten 2018). According to an estimate, mushroom production in China keeps on increasing with 4,826,000–7,786,368 tonnes of mushrooms produced during 2010–2016. Current data shows that the global mushroom market had a value of 35 billion USD in 2015. During the period from 2016 to 2021, this market is expected to grow more by 9.2%, reaching nearly 60 billion USD in 2021 (Raman et al. 2018). The consumption increased from 1 to 4.7 kg of cultivated edible mushrooms per capita during 1997–2013 (Royse et al. 2017). This consumption keeps on increasing in the coming years, resulting in © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 U. Azeem et al., Fungi for Human Health, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58756-7_8
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8 Commercialization and Conservation
annual sales going from 34 to 60 billion USD (https://www.zionmarketresearch. com). Post harvest technology is applied to both the produce of field collection and cultivation yield of macrofungi for its protection, processing, distribution, marketing, and utilization as per the needs and demands of the consumers (Thakur 2018). Extracts of many edible/medicinal macrofungi are marketed as DSs for their immunostimulatory and other health-promotin
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