Comparative effects of dietary micro- and nano-scale chitosan on the growth performance, non-specific immunity, and resi
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Comparative effects of dietary micro- and nano-scale chitosan on the growth performance, non-specific immunity, and resistance of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix against Staphylococcus aureus infection Naima Younus, et al. [full author details at the end of the article] Received: 10 January 2020 / Accepted: 4 August 2020/ # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract
Globally, with the expansion of aquaculture, the demand for functional feeds is continuously increasing, and effort is in progress to improve the efficiency of the feed additives. Herein, nano-scale chitosan (CNP) with an average size < 35 nm was prepared by using an ionotropic gelation method, and a completely randomized feeding experiment in three replicates under mimic aquaculture conditions was conducted to evaluate its efficiency as feed additive with respect to micro-scale chitosan (CH). Three 35% protein experimental diets, C-0 without supplement while C-1 and C-2 supplemented with CH and CNPs, respectively, at the same inclusion level, i.e., 5 g kg−1 diet was prepared and fed to the respective groups of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. The experiment was continued for successive 60 days. The results indicated most significant (P < 0.05) effect of CNPs on the growth performance parameters (% weight gain, specific growth rate, and average daily weight gain), feed conversion ratio, non-specific immunity (WBCs count, lysozyme activity, immunoglobulin levels, phagocytic and respiratory burst activities), and resistance against Staphylococcus aureus infection. However, CH-supplementation did not show any profound effects on the growth rate (P < 0.05) with decreased plasma cholesterol level (P > 0.001). Our results indicate the improved efficiency of CNPs and recommend it as a feed additive to enhance fish productivity and fish immune response towards the invading pathogens. Keywords Cholesterol level . Disease resistance . Growth performance . Immunity . Micro and nano-scale chitosan . Silver carp
Research highlights • The efficiency of feed additive can be improved with the application of nanotechnology. • Micro- and nano-scale chitosan as a feed additive in silver carp were evaluated. • Nano-scale chitosan (CNPs) significantly improved the growth performance of silver carp. CNPs also showed the most significant effect on the immune response of the fish. • CNPs in contrast to chitosan (CH) significantly improve the resistance of silver carp against S. aureus • CNPs can be regarded as a promising candidate for increasing fish productivity.
Aquaculture International
Introduction Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide, with an annual worldwide production of 10,795,000 tons in 2008 (FAO 2012). It is found in the cell walls of fungi, green algae, and the internal structure of protozoans and other invertebrates (Martínez et al. 2001; Vermeersch 2014). Moreover, it also forms the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans such as shrimps, crabs, and lobsters (Rinaudo 2006). In the coastal areas, the chitinous solid waste frac
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