Comparison of Bioactive Components, Antimicrobial and Antimutagenic Features of Organically and Conventionally Grown Alm
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ORIGINALBEITRAG
Comparison of Bioactive Components, Antimicrobial and Antimutagenic Features of Organically and Conventionally Grown Almond Hulls Zehra Tuğba Murathan1
· Armağan Kaya2 · Nurcan Erbil3 · Mehmet Arslan3 · Emel Dıraz4 · Şengül Karaman4
© Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In Turkey, almonds are grown via the following three methods: organic (O), conventional (C) and good agricultural practice (GAP). Almond seeds are mostly consumed as nuts; thus, the researchers have focused different analyses on only seeds. However, in Turkey, unripe green almond hulls are also consumed. Therefore, we studied the contents of some bioactive components, pigments, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities of O, C, and GAP ’Ferradual’ (Frd) and ’Ferragnes’ (Frg) almond hull extracts. The highest total ascorbic acid content was found in O Frd (2.1 mg/g fresh weight [FW]) and GAP Frg (2.0 mg/g FW). The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in all the genotypes ranged from 19.2 and 43.9 mg/g FW and 3.2 and 20.2 mg/g FW, respectively. In general, the antioxidant activity of C Frg and C Frd was low. C Frg had the highest MDA content (8.53 µmol MDA/g FW), whereas O Frg had the lowest MDA content (0.89 µmol MDA/g FW). The samples had varying ratios of chlorophyll a and b. The O samples had more total carotenoid content than the C samples. The antibacterial activity was only observed in the O and GAP Frd extracts. The antifungal activity could not be detected in any of the extracts of samples. Varying antimutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 strain and content of some phenolics were observed depending on the variety, growing conditions, and dose.
Keywords Almond · Antioxidant · Antimicrobial · Antimutagenic · Phenolic compounds
Vergleich von bioaktiven Komponenten, antimikrobiellen und antimutagenen Eigenschaften in grünen Schalen ökologisch und konventionell angebauter Mandeln Schlüsselwörter Mandel · Antioxidans · Antimikrobiell · Antimutagen · Phenolische Inhaltsstoffe
Introduction
Zehra Tu˘gba Murathan
[email protected] 1
Battalgazi Vocational School, Malatya Turgut Özal University, 44210 Malatya, Turkey
2
Faculty of Engineering, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, 07425 Antalya, Turkey
3
Faculty of Health Sciences, Ardahan University, 75000 Ardahan, Turkey
4
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kahramanmara¸s Sütçü ˙Imam University, 46100 Kahramanmara¸s, Turkey
Almond is a species of the genus Prunus and the subgenus Amygdalus that is commercially grown worldwide (Gomez et al. 2007). It is well adapted to the entire Mediterranean region. In Turkey, it is one of the most valuable crops as it has rich almond (Prunus dulcis L.) genetic resources (Mısırlı and Gülcan 2000). In addition, it grows well in different regions of Turkey, and its estimated production was 73,230 tons in 2014 (FAO 2017). Each almond genotype has different nutritional values depending on the ecological
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