GC-HRMS screening of bioactive compounds responsible for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of blood fruit ( Haema
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ORIGINAL PAPER
GC‑HRMS screening of bioactive compounds responsible for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of blood fruit (Haematocarpus validus Bakh. F. Ex Forman) of North‑East India Raju Sasikumar1 · Dipak Das1 · Chakkaravarthi Saravanan2 · Sankar Chandra Deka3 Received: 6 April 2020 / Revised: 30 June 2020 / Accepted: 14 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The aims of this study are to evaluate phytochemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of different solvent-assisted blood fruit pulp extracts. The extracts of blood fruit were prepared with various solvents namely, water, ethyl acetate, methanol and acetone. These extracts were divided into two groups, first group of extract were thermosonicated (treated) and the second group were not exposed to thermosonication (untreated). The sample extracts were then evaluated for their antimicrobial properties against various microorganisms. The results revealed that the antimicrobial activity of thermosonicated ethyl acetate extracts at 12 mg/mL concentration exhibited the highest inhibition zone of 19.4 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. The phenolic content of ethyl acetate extract was found to be the highest as compared to that of other solvent extracts and the values were 1508.08 and 1478.34 mg GAE/100 g for treated and untreated samples, respectively. The treated ethyl acetate extract antioxidative activity by DPPH, ORAC, ABTS, and FRAP assay were 1627.68, 2119.82, 938.11, and 2360.18 µmol TE/g, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC − 1.5 mg/mL) against the selected foodborne pathogens was obtained with thermosonicated ethyl acetate blood fruit extract. In the present study, it was observed that the thermosonicated ethyl acetate extract exhibits maximum antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than any other examined solvent extracts. The major bioactive volatile compounds found in treated ethyl acetate extracts were 2-bromotetradecane, tetracosane, heptadecane, eicosane and palmitic acid. These bioactive compounds can be utilizable for the development of functional, nutraceutical and pharmacological products. Keywords Antioxidant properties · Antimicrobial activity · Bioactive volatile compound · Blood fruit · Food poising bacteria · Thermosonication
Introduction
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. * Raju Sasikumar [email protected] 1
Department of Agribusiness Management and Food Technology, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Tura Campus, Chasingre, Tura, Meghalaya 794002, India
2
Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India
3
Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
Blood fruit (Haematocarpus validus Bakh.F. Ex Forman) is known as the nutritious but underutilized edible fruits of Meghalaya, North-East India (Odeja et al. 2014; Sasikumar and Deka 2018). Locally, this fruit is k
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