Conditional nutrition (I): concerning zinc as a beneficial but variable regulator of inflammation and experimental arthr
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Inflammopharmacology
COMMENTARY
Conditional nutrition (I): concerning zinc as a beneficial but variable regulator of inflammation and experimental arthritis Michael W. Whitehouse1,2 Received: 25 August 2019 / Accepted: 14 November 2019 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
Abstract This article extends the concept of conditional pharmacology (Whitehouse and Vernon-Roberts 1991; Whitehouse 1995) that considers how both internal factors/disease and external/environmental factors may alter the availability or efficacy of exogenous drugs. The same and other conditioning factors may also affect the utility and value of many nutriceuticals that may be clearly beneficial in the context of inflammation but sometimes showing quite variable pharmaco-activity. This is illustrated by considering some factors affecting the bioavailability and pharmaco-efficacy of dietary ionic zinc, Zn (II) an essential trace metal and a critical regulator of inflammation and tissue repair. With chronic zinc deficiency (zincopenia) due to diet, drugs and/or disease, we can usually survive—but may not necessarily thrive. Some strategies to minimise zincopenia are considered, based upon finding efficient means for (1) preventing its cause and/or (2) using parenteral delivery of zinc supplements to circumvent dietary and enteric impediments to zinc bio-availability. Keywords Anti-nutrients · Diet · Zinc biochemistry · Transdermal zinc formulations · Zinc availability Abbreviations ATM Sodium aurothiomalate (Myocrysin®) CD73 A lymphocyte surface antigen associated with ecto-5,-nucleotidase, a Zn-containing enzyme CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia DMF N, N dimethylformamide DTPA (pentetic acid) Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
Festschrift - Commemorating The Life of the late Professor Barrie Vernon-Roberts. Dedicated to the memory of Barrie Vernon-Roberts AO (1935– 2015): a gifted teacher, researcher and administrator. I was privileged to be associated with him in Adelaide, South Australia (1982–1994), in pursuing some of his many research interests. * Michael W. Whitehouse [email protected] 1
School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
PO Box 6168, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
2
EDTA (edetic acid) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (versene) EFA Essential fatty acids Erythorbic acid Isoascorbic acid (non-vitamin) HYPO-GEUSIA Loss of taste (may correlate with Zn deficiency) IL-1 beta Interleukin-1 (pro-inflammatory cytokine) PMA Phorbol-16-myristate-13-acetate PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids ROS Reactive oxygen species TNF-alpha Tumour necrosis factor (proinflammatory cytokine) Vioform 5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxy quinoline (enteroquinol) WHO World Health Organisation ZMG Zinc monoglycerolate (Glyzinc™)
Introduction The traditional father of medicine, Hippocrates (440–375 BCE) reputedly taught that “Food should be your medicine”. But this may not be wholly true: it is not so much what we eat or drink but what we absorb that is import
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