Contamination and Human Health Risk Due to Toxic Metals in Dust from Transport Stations in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Contamination and Human Health Risk Due to Toxic Metals in Dust from Transport Stations in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana Almachiusi Rwegasira Rweyemamu1,2 · Marian Asantewah Nkansah1 · Godfred Darko1 · Matt Dodd3 Received: 26 March 2020 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 © The Tunisian Chemical Society and Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the contamination levels and human health risk that heavy metals in the dust from transport stations pose to the inhabitants of the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana. Dust samples were collected from 18 transport stations and analyzed for metals including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe, Sb, Ni, and Zn using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer prior to confirmation on an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. Mercury concentrations were determined using Lumex RA-915M Zeeman automatic mercury analyzer. The average concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe, Hg, Sb and Zn were 6, 10, 130, 54, 30, 22, 16,518, Pb > Sb > Fe. The mean Igeo value of Pb, Fe and Sb which ranged between 0 and 1, showed that dust from transport stations were unpolluted to moderately polluted. The mean Igeo of Cu and Hg indicated that dust samples were moderately polluted by these metals wheress the mean Igeo of Ni signified moderately to strongely polluted. On the other hand, mean Igeo of As, Cr and Zn designate dust to be strongly polluted with the metal. The mean Igeo value of Cd signifies very strongly polluted. Among the heavy metals studied, dust samples were signficantly polluted by Cd, Cr, Zn and As and least polluted by Pb, Fe and Sb. Comparing to other studies [14] reported the Igeo values of Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni in soil dust of fuel filling stations in Accra, Ghana which are lower than the values reported in this study. Similarly, Hg and As showed higher Igeo values compared to those reported elsewhere [60]. The mean enrichment factors (EF) of Cd, Cr, As and Zn showed high enrichments of these elements in the dust samples while Pb, Sb and Fe showed the least enrichment which are equally described by the Igeo pollution indices. The EF of Cd which ranged from 2758.80 to 175.61, with a mean
Table 3 Summary of pollution indeces of heavy metals in dust across transport stations in the Kumasi Metropolis Geoaccumulation index
Enrichment factor
Concentration factor
Element
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn Fe Sb
3.04 9.10 1.06 − 0.60 0.24 1.45 − 1.41 2.12 − 1.71 − 0.50
4.42 11.27 5.21 2.93 6.36 2.89 2.38 4.28 1.73 1.48
3.68 10.12 3.92 1.07 1.69 2.16 0.57 3.26 0.22 0.52
4.69 175.61 2.91 0.46 0.93 2.20 0.11 2.12 1.00 0.51
34.66 2758.80 58.78 7.79 68.69 19.14 4.99 40.09 1.00 3.52
10.30 1099.30 16.14 2.71 7.62 4.40 1.82 10.25 1.00 1.50
12.37 821.00 3.12 0.99 1.77 4.10 0.57 6.53 0.46 1.06
32.20 3713.00 55.70 11. 41 123.26 11.13 7.80 29.19 4.98 4.20
20.34 1998.89 27.92 4.31 13.04 7.00 2.76 16.03 2.01 2.35
13
Chemistry Africa
value of 1099.30 indicated that Cd was extremely enriched
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