Contamination of Heavy Metals in Human Fingernails due to Occupational Exposure in Agra, India
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Contamination of Heavy Metals in Human Fingernails due to Occupational Exposure in Agra, India Shashank Sharma1
•
Priyanka Dhingra2 • Narendra S. Sisodia3
Received: 14 April 2020 / Accepted: 18 June 2020 Ó The Indian Institute of Metals - IIM 2020
Abstract Purpose In this study, the statistical method was used to determine the significant difference in various metal’s (Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni) concentrations in human fingernails from different sites. Methods The metals concentrations in human fingernails, used as a biomarker, were measured to estimate their exposure. Samples from fingernails were collected from different subjects concerning sex, age, occupationally exposed to heavy metals such as subjects from industrial, roadside, commercial, and residential sites of Agra district. Sample collection and preparations were carried out using standard procedures and were analyzed for Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, and Ni by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS, PerkinElmer ANALYST 100). Results One-way ANOVA tests were done to find out the significant difference of mean values of heavy metals among different sites as well as pairwise comparison of dissimilar metals among different sites. The significant difference (p \ 0.05) in concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Ni of different sites was found with decreasing concentration pattern for industrial [ roadside [ commercial [ residential sites. Further, metal concentrations in human fingernails of workers/residents of the Agra district have also been compared with other worldwide studies.
& Shashank Sharma [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, SBAS, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, UP, India
2
Department of Chemistry, KCC College, Greater Noida, UP, India
3
Department of Chemistry, RBS College, Agra, UP, India
Conclusion Metallic discharges from various industries in Agra district contribute the largest portion of metals which is hazardous for health as well environment. The presence of these metals in different samples is an indication of the presence of these metals in the environment. Accordingly, there is an instantaneous need for public awareness about the hazards of an occupation. Keywords Heavy metals Biomarker Occupational exposure Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
1 Introduction Every single workplace has a specific level of businessrelated perils, and every working environment condition is imposing a level of risk to its workers. There is a regular association between man and hazardous agents present in the workplace environment. Chemicals may get into the work environment in the form of dust or spray and may get into the body of workers mainly either through contact with skin or through breathing. Humans can be exposed to dust contaminated with metals by breathing, gulp, and contact with the skin; consequently, they get affected by many health hazards [1, 2]. These metals are not biomagnified and biodegradable in body cells, which entails serious health hazards, such as CNS disorders, reproductive system disorders, genotoxicity, a
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