Contamination of habu ( Protobothrops flavoviridis ) in Okinawa, Japan by persistent organochlorine chemicals
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contamination of habu (Protobothrops flavoviridis) in Okinawa, Japan by persistent organochlorine chemicals Yutaka Tashiro 1
&
Akitoshi Goto 2 & Tatsuya Kunisue 2 & Shinsuke Tanabe 2
Received: 6 April 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Persistent organochlorine chemicals (OCs), including chlordane compounds (CHLs), DDTs, PCBs, and chlorinated dioxins and related compounds (DRCs), were examined in the adipose tissue and liver from 33 specimens of habu (Protobothrops flavoviridis), a species of venomous pit viper endemic to the Japanese Southwest Islands. The median concentrations of CHLs, DDTs, and PCBs in adipose tissue of 22 habus collected from an urban area were 4400 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw), 610 ng g−1 lw, and 1600 ng g−1 lw, respectively. Their DDT and PCB concentrations were higher in comparison with the specimens from a rural area. Liver of 10 specimens from the urban area were subjected to DRCs analysis, and PCDDs, PCDFs, and DL-PCBs were detected with median values of 1300, 350, and 150,000 pg g−1 lw, respectively. Among PCDD/F congeners, octa-CDD was detected at the highest concentrations in seven liver samples, but considerable concentrations of penta- and hexaCDD/Fs were found in two samples. Relatively higher concentrations of PCB, DDTs, and PCDD/Fs were found in habus collected within 1 km of the boundary of military facilities, suggesting that OCs from some unknown sources of these OCs inside and/or around some of the facilities accumulated in habus. Keywords Organochlorines . Dioxins . POPs . Habu snake . Okinawa . Military facility
Introduction Persistent organochlorine chemicals (OCs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), were used worldwide during the 1960s and 1970s. The production and use of OCs were banned in many developed countries because of their bioaccumulative nature and chronic adverse effects on wildlife and humans by the 1970s and 1980s, and subsequently, these compounds were included in persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the reduction or elimination of whose release into the environment Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Yutaka Tashiro [email protected] 1
School of International Studies, Meio University, 1220-1 Biimata, Nago, Okinawa 905-8585, Japan
2
Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
is aimed by the Stockholm Convention (Tanabe and Minh 2010). Despite the regulation, however, relatively high levels of OCs have been detected in wildlife, even in recent years (Kunisue et al. 2007, 2008; Aksoy et al. 2011; Tashiro et al. 2016; Iatrou et al. 2019). In addition, chlorinated dioxins and related compounds (DRCs) such as polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxinlike PCBs (DL-PCBs), which are either included in PCB pro
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