Simultaneous Determination of Organochlorine, Organophosphorus, and Pyrethroid Pesticides in Bee Pollens by Solid-Phase
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Simultaneous Determination of Organochlorine, Organophosphorus, and Pyrethroid Pesticides in Bee Pollens by Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup Followed by Gas Chromatography Using Electron-Capture Detector Li Zhang & Yu Wang & Cheng Sun & Shaogui Yang & Huan He
Received: 18 July 2012 / Accepted: 18 November 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
Abstract A method for routine determination of the residues of nine organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), ten organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), and seven pyrethroid pesticides (PPs) in bee pollens was developed. Bee pollen samples were extracted by petroleum ether followed by solid-phase extraction cleaning and detected by gas chromatography–micro electron capture detection. Range of detection limits are 0.3– 3.3 μg/kg for OCPs, 1.0–19.1 μg/kg for PPs and 1.1–19.7 μg/ kg for OPPs. Recoveries of OCPs, OPPs, and PPs were in the range of 88.9–122.7 %, 86.8–123.1 %, and 90.8–118.7 %, respectively. The method was applied successfully to analyze real bee pollen samples. The results show a low level of contamination caused by pesticide residues indicating safe supply of bee pollen for consumers. Keywords Residual pesticides . Organochlorine . Organophosphorus . Pyrethroid . Bee pollen . Gas chromatography . Solid phase extraction
Introduction Bee products have been contributing to health protection of people for thousands of years. Bee pollens are collected from blossom and manufactured by bees, which is in turn made up L. Zhang : C. Sun (*) : S. Yang : H. He (*) State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] L. Zhang : Y. Wang Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210008, China
of amino acids, vitamins, and trace elements. It is common practice to spray pesticides to avoid plant diseases and insect pests during the general large-scale cultivation, which causes contamination in surrounding environment in various intensities. Pesticides have been detected in different environmental matrices such as soil, water, and air (Smalling and Kuivila 2008; Wang et al. 2009; Schreck et al. 2008; Simon et al. 1998). Consequently, bee pollens are at the considerable risk of pesticide contamination. Such bee pollens products have been commonly used for many decades, which lead to dose accumulation and cause pesticide poisoning. Great attention has been paid to the safety of bee products in recent years; there are many strict requirements on all the contaminating toxins in bee products (Rial-Otero et al. 2007). Corresponding to these requirements, it is very necessary to monitor and control the pesticide multiresidues in bee pollens. According to chemical compositions, more common and important synthetic pesticides are organochlorine, organophosphorus, pyrethroid, and carbamate. A number of methods had been developed for the determination of the pesticides, which include gas chromatography–electron capture detector (GCECD) for organoch
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