Contamination profiles and risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater in China
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Contamination profiles and risk assessment of perand polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater in China Xiaocui Qiao & Lixin Jiao & Xiaoxia Zhang & Xue Li & Shuran Hao & Minghao Kong & Yan Liu
Received: 5 July 2019 / Accepted: 29 November 2019 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have attracted attention due to the potential risk they pose to ecosystems and human health. A total of 169 groundwater samples were collected from four representative regions in order to analyze PFASs concentrations in China. The total concentration of PFASs (∑PFASs) in groundwater ranged from 0.05 to 198.80 ng L−1, with an average of 3.97 ng L−1. All targeted PFASs were detected in the studied areas. The detection frequency and average concentration of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the highest (79.29% and 1.61 ng L−1, respectively). The contamination profiles of PFASs in each study area varied due to natural geographical conditions and human activities. According to the results of the potential source identification, the point sources of perfluorooctane sulfonate
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-8005-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. X. Qiao : L. Jiao : X. Zhang : X. Li : S. Hao : Y. Liu (*) National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 10012, China e-mail: [email protected] X. Qiao : L. Jiao : X. Zhang : X. Li : S. Hao : Y. Liu State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China M. Kong Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
(PFOS) were mainly concentrated in Lanzhou, and the distribution of PFASs was slightly affected by atmospheric deposition in all the studied areas. The obtained concentrations of PFOA and PFOS may pose no threat to the residents due to water consumption. Keywords Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances . Groundwater . Contamination profiles . Potential sources . Risk assessment
Introduction Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are fluorine-containing, synthetic chemicals that are resilient to break down due to their thermal and chemical stability (Liu et al. 2018). Due to their extreme stability, PFASs are widely used in industrial manufacturing and commercial applications (Du et al. 2014; Xu et al. 2013). Because of their extensive production and usage, PFASs have become ubiquitous and have been found in various environmental matrices, including water (Arvaniti et al. 2012; Yu et al. 2012; Pan et al. 2014), sediment (Zhao et al. 2012; Beškoski et al. 2013; Naile et al. 2010; Yang et al. 2011), biota (Stahl et al. 2014; Shi et al. 2010), food (Cornelis et al. 2012; Domingo. 2012), and human serum (Wu et al. 2015; Bjerregaard-Olesen et al. 2016). Both epidemiological and
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