An implication of boron and fluoride contamination and its exposure risk in groundwater resources in semi-arid region, W
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An implication of boron and fluoride contamination and its exposure risk in groundwater resources in semi‑arid region, Western India Ajaykumar Kadam1 · Vasant Wagh2 · Bhavana Umrikar3 · Rabindranath Sankhua4 Received: 27 March 2019 / Accepted: 18 November 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract The groundwater quality degradation is due to agriculture, industrial and domestic activities; thus, sustainable management of available water resources becomes the need of the hour in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, the present study aims to find the source, occurrence, controlling factors and exposure risk of fluoride (F) and boron (B) contaminations in the groundwater of basaltic geology of the semi-arid region of Maharashtra. For this purpose, 68 representative groundwater samples from shallow aquifers were collected and analysed for major ions to find the geochemistry in relation to B and F. The chemical analysis revealed that F and B contents in the drinking water are above the threshold level of the WHO; hence, the health risk to infants, children and adults is assessed by computing ADD, HQ and THI values. HQ values of F depicted that children have high risk followed by adults and infants, and they possess moderated non-carcinogenic risk in both seasons. HQ values of B inferred that infants are more susceptible than adults. THI confirms that children (52.94%), adults (35.29%) and infants (8.82%) possess non-carcinogenic risk in the pre-monsoon season and 32.35% children and 23.52% adults possess non-carcinogenic risk because of (THI > 1) in the post-monsoon season. The outcomes of the study advocated that children are posing a higher non-carcinogenic risk as compared to adults and infants in both the seasons. Therefore, it is essential to take precautionary measures to avoid any health problems by implementing appropriate measures. Also, continuous monitoring of F and B levels in groundwater and its removal techniques are recommended to diminish the potential health hazards. Keywords Groundwater · Fluoride · Boron · Health risk · India
* Ajaykumar Kadam [email protected] * Vasant Wagh [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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1 Introduction The subsurface water resources are the imperative source for domestic and agrarian purposes, especially in recent decades due to inadequate freshwater resources. Generally, the groundwater composition is affected by natural and anthropogenic factors such as temperature, rainfall, soil media interaction and contact time with rock, agricultural run-off, soil matrix, disposal of wastes, etc. (Todd 1980; Devic et al. 2014; Bodrud-Doza et al. 2016; Wagh et al. 2017, 2019a; Mukate et al. 2019a; Islam et al. 2019). The drinking of potable water supplied from polluted aquifers has increased numerous associated health problems of fluoride, nitrate, boron and arsenic toxicity to millions of people in recent decades (Islam et al. 2017; Wagh et al. 2018a, b, 2019b; Adimalla an
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