Trace elements contamination in groundwater and associated human health risk in the industrial region of southern Sonbha
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Trace elements contamination in groundwater and associated human health risk in the industrial region of southern Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh, India Arif Ahamad . N. Janardhana Raju . Sughosh Madhav . A. H. Khan
Received: 6 July 2019 / Accepted: 17 April 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The present study assesses the pollution load of the groundwater with reference to the trace elements (i.e. As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Co and Pb) and the potential health risk by its consumption for the residents of Obra, Renukoot and Anpara industrial clusters of Southern Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh, India. For this, 220 groundwater samples were collected during post- and premonsoon seasons in 2015. pH varied from slightly acidic to alkaline in both the seasons. Geochemical analysis of the area showed that all the three clusters are severely contaminated with Fe, Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg during both the seasons. High concentration of heavy metals indicates that groundwater was contaminated with natural as well as anthropogenic sources. For all the three clusters, the mean values of heavy metal pollution index were found above the critical index in both the seasons with Anpara in lead. For the majority of groundwater samples across the clusters Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00582-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. Ahamad N. J. Raju (&) S. Madhav School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India e-mail: [email protected] A. H. Khan CSIR_Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
during both the seasons, substantial non-cancer health risk was observed due to target hazard quotient values of Cr, Cd, As, Pb and Hg higher than unity. The hazard index value for children was very high compared to adults which means that children are more susceptible to health impairment in terms of non-carcinogenic health risk. Carcinogenic risk was higher for adults than children in the entire study area. Keywords Heavy metals Groundwater Heavy metal pollution index Target hazard quotient Sonbhadra Cancer risk
Introduction Today heavy metal pollution has invited greater attention because of its harmful nature and impact on the human and aquatic health especially as they continue exceed the prescribed standard permissible limits (Adamu et al. 2014; Jime´nez-Ballesta et al. 2017). UNEP (2000) has listed some of the major anthropogenic sources of toxic heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment including mineral extraction, sewage disposal, agrochemicals (pesticides) used in agriculture and discharges of untreated and semitreated effluents from metal-related industries (smelters). Many researchers have revealed that the thermal power plants, by their combustion and fusion of coal, release different toxic constituents into the
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Environ Geochem Health
environment such as
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