Contemporary Changes of the Vegetation in the Mountainous Adygea as the Reflection of Global Processes
Contemporary changes of plant communities of the mountain areas of the Republic of Adygea which can be considered as global have been characterized. They include climatogenic changes of altitudinal distribution borders of trees species; recovery of mounta
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Brief Characteristic of the Mountain Vegetation 3 Climatogenic Changes of the Altitudinal Limits of Trees 3.1 Litvinov’s Birch (Betula litwinowii) 3.2 Nordman’s Fir (Abies nordmanniana) 3.3 Broad-Leaved Trees 4 Post-Grazing Recovery of High Mountain Meadows 5 Invasion of Habitats by Alien Plant Species 5.1 Adventive Component of the Flora of the Republic of Adygea 5.2 Сhanges of the Upper Distribution Limit of Alien Plants 5.3 Invasibility of Plant Communities 5.4 Species Richness of Plant Communities Dominated by Alien Species 6 Conclusions References
Abstract Contemporary changes of plant communities of the mountain areas of the Republic of Adygea which can be considered as global have been characterized. They include climatogenic changes of altitudinal distribution borders of trees species; recovery of mountain meadows after the termination of a long pasture; distribution of the adventive (alien, non-native) plants; and their influence on the native species in the region.
V. V. Akatov (*) Maykop State Technological University, Maykop, The Republic of Adygea, Russian Federation e-mail: [email protected] T. V. Akatova Caucasian State Wildlife Biosphere Reserve, Maykop, The Republic of Adygea, Russian Federation e-mail: [email protected] Murat K. Bedanokov, Sergey A. Lebedev, and Andrey G. Kostianoy (eds.), The Republic of Adygea Environment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_493, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
V. V. Akatov and T. V. Akatova
Keywords Alien species, Altitudinal limits, Climate change, Dominants, Pasture digression, Recovery succession
1 Introduction The complex geological history, strongly dismembered relief, and zonality of the climate caused a high cenotic diversity of the vegetation of the mountainous part of Adygea. Under the influence of numerous natural and anthropogenic factors, and also as the result of autogenous processes, it changes constantly. Some contemporary changes of plant communities of the region connected with the human activity or its termination and can be considered as global: the reaction of tree species to the global climate change, restoration of high mountain meadows after the termination of long pastures, and expansion of the adventive (alien, non-native) species of plants. In this chapter they will be characterized using the synthesis of the data published before and some new information.
2 Brief Characteristic of the Mountain Vegetation The mountainous part of the Republic of Adygea includes practically all range of the main types of plant communities, characteristic to the Western Caucasus. The subnival vegetation is fragmentary expressed at mountain tops and ridge crests more than 3,000 m above sea level. It is formed by open aggregations of lichens, mosses, and some vascular plants. The alpine belt is located in the height range of 2,300–2,800 m above sea level. Its landscape is characterized by a combination of stony and grassy slopes, rock streams and screes, glaciers, and snowfields. The most widespread plant communities are roc
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