Convection Induced Ore Body Formation and Mineralization within the Upper Crust of the Earth

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Chongbin Zhao · Bruce E. Hobbs · Alison Ord

Convective and Advective Heat Transfer in Geological Systems

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Dr. Chongbin Zhao Computational Geosciences Research Centre Central South University Changsha, China [email protected]

Dr. Bruce E. Hobbs School of Earth and Geographical Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth, Australia [email protected]

Dr. Alison Ord School of Earth and Geographical Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth, Australia and CSIRO Division of Exploration and Mining Perth, Australia [email protected]

ISBN: 978-3-540-79510-0

e-ISBN: 978-3-540-79511-7

Advances in Geophysical and Environmental Mechanics and Mathematics ISSN 1866-8348

e-ISSN 1866-8356

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008927195 c 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

Preamble

Theoretical understanding of convective and advective heat transfer phenomena in geological systems at the crustal scale is important to the understanding of controlling processes involved in ore body formation and mineralization, hydrocarbon maturation and accumulation, hot spot locations within the Earth’s crust, environmental remediation and nuclear waste storage. Such an understanding provides useful analytical and numerical tools for accurate and efficient modeling of many of these important processes within the Earth’s crust, but also on the Earth’s surface and in the atmosphere, so that the interaction between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of the whole Earth system can be appropriately considered. Towards this end, multidisciplinary collaboration among mathematicians, engineers, chemists, physicists and geoscientists is required. Although convective and advective heat transfer during fluid flow in porous media have been studied and discussed for many years, a systematic and theoretical treatment of these phenomena in geological systems at the crustal scale is lacking. This monograph aims to provide state-of-the-art theoretical results in this particular research field, based on the authors’ own work during the last decade. For this purpose, although some numeric