Copper metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae : an update
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Copper metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: an update Hua Shi . Yunhui Jiang . Yang Yang . Yougong Peng . Chenghua Li
Received: 3 June 2020 / Accepted: 23 October 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Copper is an essential element in all forms of life. It acts as a cofactor of some enzymes and is involved in forming proper protein conformations. However, excess copper ions in cells are detrimental as they can generate free radicals or disrupt protein structures. Therefore, all life forms have evolved conserved and exquisite copper metabolic systems to maintain copper homeostasis. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been widely used to investigate copper metabolism as it is convenient for this Hua Shi, Yunhui Jiang and Yang Yang contribute equally to this work. H. Shi C. Li (&) Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China e-mail: [email protected]
purpose. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of copper metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae according to the latest literature. In brief, bioavailable copper ions are incorporated into yeast cells mainly via the high-affinity transporters Ctr1 and Ctr3. Then, intracellular Cu? ions are delivered to different organelles or cuproproteins by different chaperones, including Ccs1, Atx1, and Cox17. Excess copper ions bind to glutathione (GSH), metallothioneins, and copper complexes are sequestered into vacuoles to avoid toxicity. Copper-sensing transcription factors Ace1 and Mac1 regulate the expression of genes involved in copper detoxification and Y. Yang West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China Y. Peng Department of General Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen 448000, China
H. Shi Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China Y. Jiang Pathology Department, The Second People’s Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen 448000, China Y. Yang Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Biometals
uptake/mobilization in response to changes in intracellular copper levels. Though numerous recent breakthroughs in understanding yeast’s copper metabolism have been achieved, some issues remain unresolved. Completely elucidating the mechanism of copper metabolism in yeast helps decode the corresponding system in humans and understand how copper-related diseases develop. Keywords Copper Metabolism Homeostasis Chaperone Transporter Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Introduction Copper (Cu) is an essential element in all forms of life. There are two oxidation states of copper, Cu(I)/Cu? (cuprous ion) and Cu(II)/Cu2? (cupric ion). Cu? prefers to bind to the thiol group in cysteine or the thioether group in methionine, while Cu2? exhibits a high affinity for the secondary carboxyl
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