Cryogenic Laboratory Equipment
This book is meant for laboratory workers who for one reason or another have a need to cool something down to temperatures below that of liquid nitrogen - notably to 4. 2°K and below. It does not deal with experimental techniques at low temperatures, but
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Fig. 3.6. Model 200 ADL-Collins helium liquefier. (Photo: Arth
THE INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENICS MONOGRAPH SE RIES General Editors
I Dr. K. Mendelssohn, F. R. S. The Clarendon Laboratory Oxlord, England Dr. K. D. Timmerhaus University 01 Colorado Boulder, Colorado H. J. Goldsmid Thermoelectric Refrigeration, 1964 G. T. Meaden Electrical Resistance of Metals, 1965 E. S. R. Gopal Specific Heats at Low Temperatures, 1966 M. G. Zabetakis Safety with Cryogenic Fluids, 1967 D. H. Parkinson and B. E. Mulhall The Generation of High Magnetic Fields, 1967 W. E. Keller Helium-3 and Helium-4, 1969 A. J. Croft Cryogenic Laboratory Equipment, 1970 A. U. Smith Curren! Trends in Cryobio[ogy, 1970
CRYOGENIC LABORATORY EQUIPMENT A. J. Croft Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford
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Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 1970
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 65-11337 ISBN 978-1-4757-4895-6 ISBN 978-1-4757-4893-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-4893-2 © 1970 Springer Science+Business Media New York Origina11y published by Plenum Press, New York in 1970.
All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written perm iss ion from the publisher
Dedicated with respect and affection to the memory of FRANZ EUGEN SIMON with gratitude for the risk which he took in 1947
Preface
This book is meant for laboratory workers who for one reason or another have a need to cool something down to temperatures below that of liquid nitrogen - notably to 4.2°K and below. It does not deal with experimental techniques at low temperatures, but I have tried to bring the reader face to face with the brutishrealities of the necessary hardware. As weIl as giving information about sources of supply of equipment, I have gone into so me detail about how some of it can be made in laboratory workshops for the sake of those who are short of money but blessed with competent technical support. So far as highly specialized items such as liquefiers, refrigerators, refrigerant containers, cryostat dewars, etc., are concerned, I have included aIl sources of supply which I have got to he ar of; in the case of more generaIly available equipment only representative sources of known reliability have been quoted. Any omissions or errors must be put down either to my own ignorance, stupidity, or lack of will toget about the world, or perhaps to the difficulty I have had in extracting information from manufacturers. However, most have gone to great trouble to help, and I hope I have done them justice. Brought up to work indifferently in inches and centimetres and perched between the opposing puIls of the USA and Europe, I have used a mixture of units which may shock the purist. Manufacturers' information is given in the units quoted by them, and nonmetric units will be found where equipment and materials are commonly available only in such units at the time of writing. However, the calorie, the British thermal unit, and the degrees Fahrenheit and Rankine have been banished. I am grateful to Dr. Kurt Mendelssohn for suggesting tha
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