Safety with Cryogenic Fluids
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Michael George Zabetakis
Safety with Cryogenic Fluids
SAFETY WITH CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
THE INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENICS MONOGRAPH SERIES General Editors
Dr. K. Mendelssohn, F. R. S. The Clarendon Laboratory Oxford, England
H. J. Goldsmid G. T. Meaden E. S. R. Gopal M.G. Zabetakis
Dr. K. D. Timmerhaus University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado
Thermoelectric Refrigeration, 1964 Electrical Resistance of Metals, 1965 Specific Heats at Low Temperatures, 1966 Safety with Cryogenic Fluids, 1967
Volumes in preparation
D. H. Parkinson and B. Mulhall J. L. Olsen and S. Gygax A. J. Croft and P. V. E. McClintock G. K. Gaule
F. B. Canfield W. E. Keller S. Ramaseshan P. E. Glaser and A. Wechsler D. A. Wigley S. A. Stern
The Generation of High Magnetic Fields Superconductivity for Engineers Cryogenic Laboratory Equipment Superconductivity in Elements, Alloys, and Compounds Low-Temperature Phase Equilibria Helium-3 and Helium-4 Low-Temperature Crystallography Cryogenic Insulation Systems The Mechanical Properties of Materials at Low Temperatures Cryopumping
SAFETY WITH CRYOGENIC FLUIDS Michael G. Zabetakis, Ph.D. Bureau of Mines U.S. Department of the Interior Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
ISBN 978-1-4899-5686-6 ISBN 978-1-4899-5684-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-5684-2
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 66-12628 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 1967 Originally published by Plenum Press in 1967. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1967
All rights reserved No part 01 this publication may be reproduced in any lorm without written permission Irom the publisher
Dedicated to Becky, Vicki, and Paul
Preface This monograph was prepared in an effort to present in concise form the principles of safety that are applicable to the field of cryogenics. Thus, while it includes safety rules, design data, first-aid and hazard control procedures, emphasis has been placed on basic principles. An appreciation of these principles permits an individual to conduct a safe operation under a wider variety of conditions than is possible if he is familiar only with a list of safety rules. Although such rules are useful, there is no guarantee that a complete set can ever be assembled in any particular case. For this reason, greater emphasis has been placed on the fundamentals than on the applications. At the same time, an extensive, although by no means exhaustive, set of references has been prepared for use by those who wish to delve into a particular principle or application in greater detail; a separate monograph could be prepared on each topic considered here-such monographs are available in many cases. I have assumed that the reader is familiar with the general safety procedures used in ordinary laboratory and plant operations. Where these are applicable to a particular low-temperature operation, they are reviewed briefly, or the reader is referred to a specific text or journal article for a detailed treatment. The choice of topics was based in part on past experience and in part
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