Current perspectives on the dysregulated microRNAs in gastric cancer
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REVIEW
Current perspectives on the dysregulated microRNAs in gastric cancer Shirin Azarbarzin1 · Reza Safaralizadeh1 · Mahdi Banan Khojasteh1 · Amir Baghbanzadeh2 · Behzad Baradaran2 Received: 20 May 2020 / Accepted: 2 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Since gastric cancer (GC) is diagnosed at advanced stages, the survival rate is low in affected people. In this regard, investigating the mechanisms underlying GC development, are so critical. MiRNAs, which are small non coding RNAs, as a post transcriptional repressor, regulate expression of target genes by stimulating breakage or transcription suppression of their targets therefore aberrant expression of miRNAs leading to GC carcinogenesis. In the last decades, there have been various studies approving the pivotal role of miRNAs in various phases of GC development including cancer initiation, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and drug resistance. Therefore, the present review aimed at summarizing the dysregulated miRNAs which contribute to various cellular and developmental mechanisms such as, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis. Moreover, it provides an overview on novel miRNAs involved in drug resistance and circular miRNAs as cancer biomarkers. Thereafter, it is hoped that the present study will shed more light on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of GC, and potential GC treatments based on miRNAs. Keywords Angiogenesis · Gastric cancer · Invasion · Migration · miRNAs · Proliferation
Introduction Among cancer-related deaths, gastric cancer (GC) is the most frequently heard type of cancer in recent years due to its late determination and poor reaction to treatment [1]. It is still an important malignancy all over the world. In 2018, one million cases were added to the previously reported number and the number of expected deaths was estimated to be 783,000 (i.e., 1 per 12 patients). It affects men two times more than women. Besides, it is considered the most probable cancer type and the major cause of cancer mortality among men, in some countries of Western Asia, among which are Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Iran [2]. Surgery, endoscopic mucosal resection, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, chemoradiation, targeted * Reza Safaralizadeh [email protected] * Behzad Baradaran [email protected] 1
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
2
therapy, and Immunotherapy are seven types of standard treatments employed in all stages of GC [3]. However, since it is diagnosed at advanced stages, the survival rate is low in affected people. Therefore, a precise diagnosis is of great importance in enhancing the patients’ survival rate. Tumor serum markers such as CEA, H pylori antibodies, pepsinogen assay, endoscopy, histopathology which are the most important tools for assessing and diagnosis of gastric carcinoma, aren’t applicabl
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