Cytokinin Differences in In Vitro Cultures and Inflorescences from Normal and Mantled Oil Palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.
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Cytokinin Differences in In Vitro Cultures and Inflorescences from Normal and Mantled Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Siew-Eng Ooi • Ondrˇej Nova´k • Karel Dolezˇal Zamzuri Ishak • Meilina Ong-Abdullah
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Received: 26 December 2012 / Accepted: 7 May 2013 Ó The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract The mantled abnormality phenotype of the oil palm affects fruit development and thus jeopardizes oil yield. Cytokinins have been implicated in the development of the mantled phenotype. Endogenous cytokinin levels in the normal and mantled phenotypes were compared to determine whether levels of specific cytokinins are associated with mantling. Endogenous cytokinins were identified and quantified in in vitro cultures and inflorescences from normal and mantled oil palms. Twenty-two isoprenoid cytokinins, comprising the zeatin, dihydrozeatin, and isopentenyladenine types, were quantified. Total cytokinin levels, particularly of trans-zeatin and isopentenyladenine types, increased during the in vitro culture process, with the highest levels detected at the proliferating polyembryoid stages. The cytokinins were present mainly in their inactive 9-glucoside forms during in vitro culture. On the other hand, the predominant trans-zeatin cytokinins in inflorescences were present mainly in their ribotide forms,
suggesting a metabolic pool of cytokinins for conversion to biologically active free bases or ribosides. Levels of specific cytokinins were significantly different in tissues at different stages. Mantled developed inflorescences contained higher levels of isopentenyladenine 9-glucoside compared with normal inflorescences. Mantled-derived callus tissues had higher isopentenyladenine levels but significantly lower levels of trans-zeatin 9-glucoside, dihydrozeatin riboside, and dihydrozeatin riboside 50 -monophosphate cytokinins compared with normal-derived callus. It would be of considerable interest to verify these specific cytokinin differences in more callus cultures and clones. Keywords Cytokinin Elaeis guineensis Inflorescence In vitro culture Mantled Somaclonal variation
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00344-013-9352-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. S.-E. Ooi (&) Z. Ishak M. Ong-Abdullah Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] O. Nova´k K. Dolezˇal Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacky´ University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Sˇlechtitelu˚ 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic O. Nova´k K. Dolezˇal Centre of the Region Hana´ for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacky´ University, Sˇlechtitelu˚ 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
Oil palm is one of the world’s leading crops for the production of edible vegetable oil. The oil yield from oil palm globally is approximately
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