Preparation and Characterization of Biopolymers Recovered from Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Their Complex Hydrogels Compar
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Preparation and Characterization of Biopolymers Recovered from Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Their Complex Hydrogels Compared to Commercial Xylan Hatsalinda Binma‑ae1 · Poonsuk Prasertsan2 · Wanna Choorit3 Received: 3 April 2019 / Accepted: 23 September 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract Biopolymers from sterilizer condensate (BSC) and decanter effluent (BDE) of palm oil mill were recovered and characterized compared to the biopolymer from commercial xylan (BCX) prior to hydrogel production. They contained 83–90% hemicellulose with 67–79% xylose. They were water soluble and had two sizes (large and small) of molecular weight with polydispersity about 1.7 except BDE-S (1.04). The functional groups (by FT-IR) of the BSC and BDE were comparable with those of BCX. Biological activity of the BSC and BDE revealed that they were inactive on antimicrobial test, anti-cancer test and non-cytotoxicity but only BSC exhibited cytotoxicity against human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) ATCC HB-8065. All biopolymers were used for preparation of hydrogels by modified with maleic anhydride (MA), then blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at various ratios. The optimum formula (F) giving the maximum swelling degree and/or tensile strength for BSC-, BDE- and BCX- hydrogel were F11, F17 and F35, respectively. These three selected complex hydrogels possessed cytotoxicity activity against normal cells but only the BDE- and BCX-hydrogels (F17 and F35) exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. Therefore, the biopolymer (BSC) and the complex hydrogels (from BSC and BDE) had a potential for biomedical application.
* Poonsuk Prasertsan [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro‑Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
2
Research and Development Office, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
3
School of Agricultural Technology, Walailak University, Tasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
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Waste and Biomass Valorization
Graphic Abstract
Keywords Active compound · Biopolymer · Hemicellulose · Hydrogel · Palm oil mill effluent
Statement of Novelty POME was the liquid waste generated from palm oil extraction process and usually treated by anaerobic digestion or utilized for biogas production. This research work initiated the valorization of POME by extraction of biopolymer as valuable product and use for the production of complex hydrogel with potential application in the biomedical field. This approach has never been reported. Characterization of the biopolymers from two sources of POME; sterilizer condensate (BSC) and decant effluent (BDE) compared to the biopolymer from commercial xylan (BCX) as a control was conducted. The new findings included (i) BSC gave positive cytotoxicity test against human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) ATCC HB-8065 (ii) the formulation for production of the
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complex hydrogels from the three biopolymers was developed (F
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