Dechlorane Plus as an emerging environmental pollutant in Asia: a review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Dechlorane Plus as an emerging environmental pollutant in Asia: a review Mazhar Iqbal Zafar 1 & Sundas Kali 1 & Mehtabidah Ali 1 & Muhammad Asam Riaz 2,3 & Tayyaba Naz 4,5 & Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal 6,7 & Noshin Masood 1 & Kashif Munawar 8 & Bilal Jan 1 & Sohail Ahmed 9 & Amir Waseem 10 & Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi 11 Received: 17 February 2020 / Accepted: 23 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Dechlorane Plus (DP) is an unregulated, highly chlorinated flame retardant. It has been manufactured from past 40 years but its presence in the environment was initially reported in 2006. Later, it has been found in various biotic and abiotic environmental matrices. However, little attention has been paid to monitor its presence in Asia. Many studies have reported the occurrence of DP in the environment of Asia, yet the data are scarce, and studies are limited to few regions. The objective of present review is to summarize the occurrence, distribution, and toxicity of this ubiquitous pollutant in various environmental matrices (biotic and abiotic). DP has also been reported in the areas with no emission sources, which proves its long-range transport. Moreover, urbanization and industrialization also affect the distribution of DP, i.e., high levels of DP have been found in urban areas relative to the rural. Tidal movement also incorporates in transport of DP across the aquatic system. Further, bioaccumulation trend of DP in various tissues is kidney > liver > muscle tissues, whereas, blood brain barrier resists its accumulation in brain tissues. Additionally, gender-based accumulation trends revealed high DP levels in females in comparison to males due to strong metabolism of males. Furthermore, methodological aspects and instrumental analysis used in previous studies have also been summarized here. However, data on biomagnification in aquatic ecosystem and bioaccumulation of DP in terrestrial food web are still scarce. Toxicity behavior of syn-DP and anti-DP is still unknown which might gain the interest for future studies. Keywords Dechlorane Plus . Flame retardant . Emerging pollutant . Environmental occurrence . Bioaccumulation . Toxicity
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Mazhar Iqbal Zafar [email protected] Sundas Kali [email protected] Mehtabidah Ali [email protected] Muhammad Asam Riaz [email protected] Tayyaba Naz [email protected] Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal [email protected]
Noshin Masood [email protected] Kashif Munawar [email protected] Bilal Jan [email protected] Sohail Ahmed [email protected] Amir Waseem [email protected] Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Environ Sci Pollut Res
Introduction Dechlorane Plus (CAS No. 13560-89-9) is an unregulated highly chlorinated flame retardant which was initially introduced in the market in 1960s as a replacement of mirex (Ren et al. 2018; Vorkamp et al. 2015). Its use raised in 2007 afte
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