Design of all-optical AND, OR, and XOR logic gates using photonic crystals for switching applications
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Design of all‑optical AND, OR, and XOR logic gates using photonic crystals for switching applications Dalai Gowri Sankar Rao1,2 · Sandip Swarnakar2 · Venkatrao Palacharla2 · Karyabhattu Seeta Rama Raju2 · Santosh Kumar1,3 Received: 31 December 2019 / Accepted: 12 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract We propose a photonic crystal-based all-optical AND, OR, and XOR logic gates using square lattice silicon rods with air background. The design of proposed logic gates works on beam interference principle and operates efficiently by changing phase of light beams at 1550 nm wavelength. The proposed AOX logic gates are implemented with only one structure with variations in the phase of applied input signals. Simulation and verification of design are done by using finite-difference time-domain method. The design offers a contrast ratio of 33.05 dB, 10.50 dB, and 8.29 dB of proposed AND, OR, and XOR logic gates correspondingly with optimized refractive index and silicon rod radius values. Keywords Photonic crystal waveguide · All-optical logic gates · Beam interference principle · FDTD method
1 Introduction Usage of all-optical devices is increasing in optical signal processing, computing networks, and optical communication network. Photonic crystal waveguides (PhCWs) are used to realize the optical devices. These waveguides were formed by presenting the line or point defects into a structure that allows the transmission of light in the bandgap occupied by the frequencies. Recently, several methods are implemented to design all-optical devices such as optical fibers, but structures implemented with optical fibers have a complex structure and less operational speeds [1, 2]. In another work, nonlinear all-optical PhCWs were developed using a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) but the
* Sandip Swarnakar [email protected] 1
Department of Electrical and Electronics & Communication Engineering, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248009, India
2
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Godavari Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh 533296, India
3
Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong, China
circuit performance is reduced due to the dependency of carrier’s retrieval time [3, 4]. All-optical logic gates (OLGs) are realized using Kerr material, but those face a problem of complexity and nonlinear susceptibility [5–7]. Devices of all-OLGs that were designed using photonic crystal ring resonators (PhCRRs), but those have a complex structure and need high power to operate the device [7–11]. Similarly, polarization-independent all-OLGs are implemented in [12]. OLGs are realized with plasmonic waveguides which provide higher transmission rate; however, these designs suffer from less confinement of light [13, 14]. The OLGs implemented with multimode inter
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