Development and characterization of 29 polymorphic microsatellite loci for Esomus metallicus
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TECHNICAL NOTE
Development and characterization of 29 polymorphic microsatellite loci for Esomus metallicus Noriyuki Koizumi • Shinsuke Morioka • Thomas W. Quinn Atsushi Mori • Bounsong Vongvichith • Kazuya Nishida • Keiji Watabe • Takeshi Takemura
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Received: 8 June 2012 / Accepted: 23 June 2012 / Published online: 6 July 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012
Abstract Twenty-nine microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the genome of Esomus metallicus. Flanking polymerase chain reaction primers were designed and used to amplify these loci in 32 individuals. All loci were polymorphic; with allele numbers ranged from 2 to 27, observed heterozygosity from 0.031 to 0.969 and expected heterozygosity from 0.031 to 0.957. All conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and no evidence of null alleles was observed. Pairwise comparisons between alleles did not detect any cases of linkage disequilibrium. The high level of polymorphisms observed in these microsatellite loci should enhance future investigation of the genetic differentiation and structure of populations of E. metallicus. Keywords Cyprinidae Microsatellite Genetic diversity Agricultural canal Rice paddy ecosystem
N. Koizumi (&) A. Mori K. Nishida K. Watabe T. Takemura Institute for Rural Engineering, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8609, Japan e-mail: [email protected] S. Morioka Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan e-mail: [email protected] T. W. Quinn Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA B. Vongvichith Living Aquatic Resources Research Center, Vientiane 9108, Lao PDR
Esomus metallicus is distributed in shallow, slow-moving, and standing waters in agricultural canals and flooded rice paddies from northern Thailand to the Mekong Delta in southwestern Vietnam (Kottelat 1998). Most individuals only move into rivers as water bodies temporarily disappear in adjoining canals and paddies during periods of nonirrigation. This species is an important source of protein for inland farmers’ communities of the region and while it is typically utilized in dried and fermented forms, it occasionally is eaten raw (Rainboth 1996; Tomokawa et al. 2008). In recent years many populations have decreased in size due to overfishing, and recent establishment of breeding populations of more than ten exotic fish species in the Mekong River basin (Phillips 2002; Welcomme and Vidthayanon 2003) is likely to add further pressure. Related habitat damage is likely to impact levels of genetic diversity in most native or endemic fish species in the region, including E. metallicus. While the phylogenetic relationships among this species and its nearest relatives have been inferred by analyzing mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences (Fang 2003; Mayden et al. 2007; Fang et al. 2009; Tang et al. 2010), little is known about its population genetics. In this study we present 29 polymorphic microsatellite loci
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