Development and organization of the larval nervous system in Phoronopsis harmeri : new insights into phoronid phylogeny
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Development and organization of the larval nervous system in Phoronopsis harmeri: new insights into phoronid phylogeny Frontiers in Zoology 2014, 11:3
doi:10.1186/1742-9994-11-3
Elena N Temereva ([email protected]) Eugeni B Tsitrin ([email protected])
ISSN Article type
1742-9994 Research
Submission date
10 November 2013
Acceptance date
9 January 2014
Publication date
13 January 2014
Article URL
http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/11/1/3
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© 2014 Temereva and Tsitrin This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Development and organization of the larval nervous system in Phoronopsis harmeri: new insights into phoronid phylogeny Elena N Temereva1* * Corresponding author Email: [email protected] Eugeni B Tsitrin2 Email: [email protected] 1
Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia 2
Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117808, Russia
Abstract Background The organization and development of the nervous system has traditionally been used as an important character for establishing the relationships among large groups of animals. According to this criterion, phoronids were initially regarded as deuterostomian but have more recently been regarded as protostomian. The resolving of this conflict requires detailed information from poorly investigated members of phoronids, such as Phoronopsis harmeri.
Results The serotonin-like immunoreactive part of the P. harmeri nervous system changes during larval development. These changes mostly concern the nervous system of the hood and correlate with the appearance of the median and two marginal neurite bundles, the frontal organ, and the sensory field. The apical organ has bilateral symmetry. The tentacular neurite bundle passes under the tentacles, contains several types of perikarya, and gives rise to intertentacular bundles, which branch in the tentacle base and penetrate into adjacent tentacles by two lateroabfrontal bundles. There are two groups of dorsolateral perikarya, which exhibit serotonin-like immunoreactivity, contact the tentacular neurite bundle, and are located near the youngest tentacles. Larvae
