Development of Fusarium langsethiae in commercial cereal production
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Development of Fusarium langsethiae in commercial cereal production N. Opoku & M. Back & S. G. Edwards
Accepted: 12 December 2012 / Published online: 9 January 2013 # KNPV 2013
Abstract A field survey was performed to study the infection and development of Fusarium langsethiae in the growing season of wheat, barley, oats and triticale under commercial (2009 – 2011) production. Sampling was completed over three years from fields within the counties of Shropshire and Staffordshire in the UK. Plants sampled (from tillering to harvest) were divided into roots, leaves, lower stem, upper stem and inflorescence/head sub-samples depending on the growth stage of the cereal. DNA was extracted and F. langsethiae DNA quantified using real-time PCR. Fusarium mycotoxins HT-2 and T-2 were quantified from head samples at harvest. Three years of data showed oat to contain the highest levels of both F. langsethiae biomass and HT-2+T-2 mycotoxins in harvested heads of the cereals studied. The development of F. langsethiae in all three cereals appeared to be similar. Fusarium langsethiae DNA was not detected in the roots and seedlings of all three cereals suggesting F. langsethiae is not a seedling pathogen of cereals. Head infection if it occurs, is at head emergence but before flowering. Seemingly symptomless heads had high levels of F. langsethiae DNA and HT-2+T-2, confirming previous suggestions that F. langsethiae is a symptomless pathogen of oats.
N. Opoku : M. Back : S. G. Edwards (*) Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Field survey . Head blight . Head infection . Real-time PCR . Symptomless infection
Introduction Fusarium langsethiae was first described in 1999 as ‘powdery’ Fusarium poae due its close morphological resemblance to F. poae, but with a powdery appearance on artificial growth media (Torp and Langseth 1999). However, it was not until 2004 that it was classified as a new species and named F. langsethiae (Torp and Nirenberg 2004). Morphologically, both F. langsethiae and F. poae produce microconidia that are globose to napiform in shape; however, F. langsethiae is differentiated from F. poae by its slower growth rate, producing less aerial mycelium. Conidia of F. langsethiae are borne on bent phialides as compared with straight monophialides of F. poae. When cultured on synthetic low-nutrient agar, F. poae produces napiform conidia in combination with falcate sporodochial conidia while F. langsethiae produces only napiform conidia. It also lacks the characteristic peach-like odour of F. poae when grown on artificial medium (Torp and Nirenberg 2004). Geographically, F. langsethiae has been reported mainly in Europe; Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, Germany and Norway (Torp and Adler 2004; Torp and Nirenberg 2004) and more recently in Italy (Infantino et al. 2007), Poland (Lukanowski et al. 2008) and Serbia (Bocarov-Stancic et al. 2008).
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Fusarium langsethiae has been identified as the primary producer of HT-2 and T-2 in European cer
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