Disruption of Enterococcus Faecalis biofilms using individual and plasma polymer encapsulated D-amino acids
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Disruption of Enterococcus Faecalis biofilms using individual and plasma polymer encapsulated D-amino acids Dunia Khider 1 & Giampiero Rossi-Fedele 1
&
Tracy Fitzsimmons 1 & Krasimir Vasilev 2 & Peter S. Zilm 1
Received: 30 April 2020 / Accepted: 28 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objective Our aim was to assess the anti-biofilm ability of previously unverified individual D-amino acids (DAAs), to produce plasma polymer encapsulated DAAs (PPEDAAs), to measure the shell thickness and subsequent release of DAAs, and to assess the effects of PPEDAAs on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Materials and methods Microtitre tray assays were used to evaluate the effect of individual DAAs (D-leucine, D-methionine, Dtryptophan, and D-tyrosine) on E. faecalis biofilms of different maturity. A mixture and individual DAAs were encapsulated with a plasma polymer for 10, 20, 40, and 60 min. The shell thickness of PPEDAAs was analyzed by ultra-high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The release of DAAs from the PPEDAAs encapsulated for 60 min was measured over 7 days using highperformance liquid chromatography. Static biofilms were used to assess the effect of PPEDAAs on E. faecalis biofilms. Results Individual DAAs reduced biofilm formation to various degrees, according to the DAA and the experimental times. The shell thicknesses of the PPEDAAs ranged between 31 and 76 nm and increased with encapsulation time. Diffusion of DAAs from the PPEDAAs occurred over 60 min for encapsulated D-leucine, D-methionine, and D-tyrosine and up to 7 days for D-tryptophan. PPEDAAs disrupted biofilms at every experimental time. Conclusions PPEDAAs of various shell thickness can be produced with the proposed methodology, DAAs are subsequently released, and the anti-biofilm activity remains unaltered. Clinical relevance Individual DAAs and PPEDAAs have anti-biofilm ability and can be considered as part of a biological strategy in endodontics. Keywords Biofilms . D-amino acids . Endodontics . Enterococcus faecalis . Nanotechnology . Polymer encapsulation
Introduction Bioactivity against intra-canal biofilms has been identified as a required property for an ideal root canal filling material [1]. Thus, the development of biological strategies that change the phenotype and/or behavior of microbes, to make them poor biofilm builders, has been advocated [2]. The persistence of biofilms in the complex apical root canal system has been
* Giampiero Rossi-Fedele [email protected] 1
Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, AHMS L10 North Terrace corner George Street, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
2
School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
associated with root canal treatment failures [3]. Furthermore, biofilm matrix and/or other components are prone to induce low-grade chronic inflammation, even if devoid of bacteria [4]. Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen commonly isolated in p
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