Distillery Stillage: Characteristics, Treatment, and Valorization
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Distillery Stillage: Characteristics, Treatment, and Valorization Wioleta Mikucka 1 & Magdalena Zielińska 1 Received: 9 March 2020 / Accepted: 22 May 2020/ # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract
Distilleries are among the most polluting industries because ethanol fermentation results in the discharge of large quantities of high-strength liquid effluents with high concentrations of organic matter and nitrogen compounds, low pH, high temperature, dark brown color, and high salinity. The most common method of managing this wastewater (distillery stillage) is to use it for soil conditioning, but this requires thickening the wastewater and may cause soil pollution due to its high nitrogen content. Therefore, treatment of distillery stillage is preferable. This review discusses individual biological and physicochemical treatment methods and combined technologies. In addition, special attention is paid to valorization of distillery stillage, which is a valuable source of polysaccharides and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), as well as natural antioxidants, including polyphenols and other bioactive compounds of interest to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. New directions in improvement of valorization technologies are highlighted, including the search for new eutectic solvents for extracting these compounds. Such technologies are essential for sustainable development, which requires the use of management and valorization strategies for recovery of valuable compounds with minimal disposal of waste streams. Keywords Distillery stillage . Valorization . Recovery of bioactive compounds . Polyphenols
Distillery Industry Alcohol is considered a basic material for a number of industries, e.g., the chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, beverage, food, and perfume industries, and the number of alcohol distilleries is increasing worldwide [1]. In 2005–2007, ethanol production increased by about 41% (from 44.3 to 62.6 billion liters) [2]. The largest producers of bioethanol in the world
* Magdalena Zielińska [email protected]
1
Department of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna St. 45G, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
include developed countries (such as the USA, and in the European Union, Germany, and France) and developing countries (Argentina, China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia) [3]. In recent years, ethanol production has increased because the European Union has implemented a renewable fuels program, which obliges Member States to use renewable fuels. The share of biofuels from non-food substrates in transport fuels will continue to increase and should reach 10.3% in 2020, 14.0% in 2025, and 19.7% in 2030 [4]. Currently, alcohol production is based on the use of non-waste agricultural substrates, such as cereals, potato starch, molasses from sugar beet, beetroot, and fruits [5]. Ethanol fermentation can be performed with any naturally occurring sugar, starch, or cellulosic material combined with the appropriate pretreatment. Whe
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