Valorization of Waste Algal Boom for Value-Added Products
Undesirable algal boom causes serious disposal problems which can be cost inductive and can cause secondary pollution problems. There is a need for valorization of such waste algal biomass which is otherwise disposed of as solid waste in land filling or i
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Algal Bloom Valorization 2.1 Biogas 2.2 Biochar 2.3 Biooil 2.4 Bioethanol 2.5 Adsorbent 2.6 Biofertilizer 3 Summary References
Abstract Undesirable algal boom causes serious disposal problems which can be cost inductive and can cause secondary pollution problems. There is a need for valorization of such waste algal biomass which is otherwise disposed of as solid waste in land filling or incinerated. The algal blooms which are problematic can be processed technically to value-added products, and this in turn will also provide a sustainable solution to eutrophication hassles. Valorization techniques involve industrial processing of algal waste which can be converted or recycled into useful products or serve as a source of energy thereby increasing the value of the original material. This technology is the most promising solution to achieve low carbon economy. This review outlines the valorization techniques which can be adopted to convert the waste algal biomass which can be used in industries like energy, agriculture, and wastewater treatment plants. A. Annam Renita (*) Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India e-mail: [email protected] P. Senthil Kumar Department of Chemical Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Chennai, India e-mail: [email protected] Manuel Jerold, Santhiagu Arockiasamy, and Velmurugan Sivasubramanian (eds.), Bioprocess Engineering for Bioremediation: Valorization and Management Techniques, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_579, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
A. Annam Renita and P. Senthil Kumar
Keywords Algal biomass, Application, Biofuel, Valorization, Value products
1 Introduction Eutrophication of water bodies has been a long-term problem for which a permanent solution has not yet been found. The factors for eutrophication are the nutrient enrichment of water bodies and favorable growth factors like temperature, poor circulation, and physical dimensions [1, 2]. Eutrophication disturbs the aquatic ecosystem being superfluous in growth. The direct damage from eutrophication are (1) reduced biodiversity, such as the loss of dominant species, (2) damage to the water environment due to increased toxicity, and (3) changes in the physical properties of water like increased turbidity [3]. Moreover, algal blooms affect the ecosystem locally and indirectly the economy of the nation [4]. Economic losses of approximately $2.2 billion for freshwater algal blooms and $100 million for coastal algal blooms are being incurred every year in the USA [5]. The disposal cost of Ulva species from Brittany’s coasts amounted up to US$ 10–150 per ton in 2011 [6]. Severe Microcystis and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae algal blooms in freshwater Dianchi Lake, China pose health threats to animals and human, and their cell density could be as high as 109 units/L [7]. Ten thousand wet tons of Ulva lactuca are being produced approximately in shallow coastal estuaries in West Cork [2]. One million tons of Ulva rigi
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