Biotechnological valorization of algal biomass: an overview
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REVIEW
Biotechnological valorization of algal biomass: an overview A. Naresh Kumar1 · Jeong‑Jun Yoon2 · Gopalakrishnan Kumar1 · Sang‑Hyoun Kim1 Received: 18 June 2020 / Revised: 4 August 2020 / Accepted: 7 August 2020 © Jiangnan University 2020
Abstract Algal biomass has significant advantages over terrestrial plants in terms of CO2 sequestration, biomass productivity, wastewater treatment along with multiple biobased products synthesis. Metabolic versatility and high carbohydrate content of microalgal biomass act as a potential alternative feedstock to fossil resources and contribute towards the biobased economy growth. Effective biomass utilization would play a key role to establish sustainable bioprocess development and technology translation to the industrial community. In this framework, the present review discusses the renewable resource potential of algal biomass and its complete utilization for multiple biobased products synthesis in a closed-loop biorefinery approach. Various methods are discussed to obtain high biomass growth and pretreatments to obtain the maximum sugars solubilization. Further, combined bioprocesses were discussed for the production of biohydrogen, biomethane, bioethanol, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), and biopolymers in a closed-loop approach. Keywords Algal biomass · Biorefinery · Bioeconomy · Closed loop · Biohydrogen
Introduction Waste valorization is the process of transforming organicrich substrate into valuable products like renewable chemicals, biofuels, and materials [1]. The globe is tuning the magnitude of waste management problems and has been working towards the development of advanced waste remediation technologies embedded with resource recovery [2, 3]. On the other hand, there is a platform that exists for the development of sustainable technologies and which could follow the ‘trash to cash’ concept by producing industrially important renewable chemicals or materials [4, 5]. The concept of biorefinery using organic feedstocks is emerging and is analogous to current fossil-based refineries. Biorefinery systems work by utilizing the various organic feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass, organic municipal waste, kitchen waste, forest biomass, or wastewater (organic rich) to produce collective biobased products [6–8]. * Sang‑Hyoun Kim [email protected] 1
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
Intelligent Sustainable Materials R&BD Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan, Chungnam 31056, Republic of Korea
2
Microalgal biomass can be cultivated on non-arable land and it is more productive than terrestrial plants due to its metabolic versatility. Additionally, microalgae possess an edge over 2G lignocellulosic biomass in terms of lignin-free structure, high biomass productivity and good carbohydrate content; hence it is referred as 3G feedstock [9]. Techniques that enable the cultivation of high yielding strains in open systems may impro
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