Distribution of copper and zinc fractions in a Regosol profile under centenary vineyard
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Distribution of copper and zinc fractions in a Regosol profile under centenary vineyard Jackson Korchagin1 · Diovane Freire Moterle2 · Pedro Alexandre Varella Escosteguy3 · Edson Campanhola Bortoluzzi1 Received: 15 September 2019 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Phytosanitary treatments using Bordeaux mixture or zinc (Zn) fungicides are often used in vineyards, which increase soil copper (Cu) and Zn contents. In this study, the accumulation and distribution of Cu and Zn fractions (water soluble, exchangeable, oxidic, organic and residual fractions) was evaluated along a Regosol profile cultivated with vine since 1890 and treated with Bordeaux mixture. Copper and Zn contents of the superficial layer were around 2000 mg kg−1 and 170 mg kg−1, respectively, and decreased through depth profile. However, accumulation of these metals was also observed in deeper layers of the soil, until 50 cm depth. Most of the total Cu was bound to the mineral fraction, whereas Zn was predominantly in the residual one. In the superficial layer, the desorption potential was 25% for Cu and 46% for Zn of these metals total content. Although the dominance of chemical forms with low geochemical mobility, desorption of Cu and Zn occurs easily, representing a high risk of transference in the environment. Keywords Bordeaux mixture · Chemical speciation · Sorption · Environmental contamination
Introduction The cultivation of vines is characterized by successively high applications of agrochemicals, such as fungicides based on copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). This practice increases the concentration of Cu and Zn in the soil (Brun et al. 1998; * Jackson Korchagin [email protected] Diovane Freire Moterle [email protected] Pedro Alexandre Varella Escosteguy [email protected] Edson Campanhola Bortoluzzi [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Land Use and Natural Resources, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, BR 285, km 292, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul 99052‑900, Brazil
2
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul, Osvaldo Aranha, 540, Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul 95700‑000, Brazil
3
Laboratory of Soil Chemistry and Fertility, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, BR 285, km 292, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul 99052‑900, Brazil
Fernández-Calvino et al. 2013; Ruyters et al. 2013; Ninkov et al. 2014; Couto et al. 2015), and is common mainly in humid climate, where the occurrence of diseases and the need of repeated uses of fungicide is intense (Besnard et al. 2001; Pietrzak and McPhail 2004; Mirlean et al. 2007; Casali et al. 2008). Since high accumulations of Cu and Zn in soils are potential threat to the environment, areas with long history of vine cultivation can be compromising because of prolonged use of agrochemical containing these metals. In addition, soil contamination can prevent the renewal of the vineyard or influence the “terroir” of grape or wine, changing the region’s intrinsic qual
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