Diversity and Ecology of Endophytic and Epiphytic Fungi of Tree Leaves in Japan: A Review
The phyllosphere is the living leaf as a whole and is colonized by endophytic and epiphytic fungi in the interior and on the surface of leaves, respectively. In this chapter, I summarize studies on the diversity and ecology of endophytic and epiphytic phy
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Diversity and Ecology of Endophytic and Epiphytic Fungi of Tree Leaves in Japan: A Review Takashi Osono
Abstract
The phyllosphere is the living leaf as a whole and is colonized by endophytic and epiphytic fungi in the interior and on the surface of leaves, respectively. In this chapter, I summarize studies on the diversity and ecology of endophytic and epiphytic phyllosphere fungi on live leaves of trees in Japan. Studies to date have detected endophytes and epiphytes on leaves of at least 255 coniferous and broad-leaved tree species in 69 plant families, according to 45 papers published since 1990. These studies have recorded 24 endophytic and 22 epiphytic genera of fungi. Major trees used in the ecological studies of phyllosphere fungi include pines (Pinus), beech (Fagus), and dogwood (Swida). Focal topics include (1) the infection and colonization of leaves; (2) seasonal and leaf age-dependent patterns of temporal changes; (3) spatial distribution at various scales, from within-leaf, to withincanopy, to altitudinal and geographic distributions; (4) direct and indirect roles in decomposition of dead leaves; and (5) interaction with pathogens and herbivores and effects of simulated acid rain. Future research directions in Japan are suggested and discussed with reference to international literature on the ecology of endophytic and epiphytic phyllosphere fungi.
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Introduction
The phyllosphere is the living leaf as a whole (including the interior and surface), which provides habitats for a variety of microorganisms, such as fungi, bacteria, and algae. Phyllosphere fungi T. Osono (*) Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 2-509-3 Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan e-mail: [email protected]
include endophytes and epiphytes that colonize the interior or surface of leaves, respectively (Petrini 1991). Although the presence of phyllosphere fungi on tree leaves was known as early as the 1960s, studies of phyllosphere fungi increased in the 1980s, and a number of useful reviews have been published on their diversity and ecology (Hudson 1968; Carroll 1988, 1995; Petrini 1986, 1991; Boddy and Griffith 1989; Stone et al. 1996; Stone and Petrini 1997; Lindow and Brandl 2003; Arnold 2005, 2007; Saikkonen 2007), functional
V.C. Verma and A.C. Gange (eds.), Advances in Endophytic Research, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-1575-2_1, © Springer India 2014
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roles (Rodriguez and Redman 1997; Saikkonen et al. 1998; Wilson 2000; Sieber 2007), ecophysiology (Petrini et al. 1992; Petrini 1996), and interactions with herbivores (Carroll 1991a, b). Japan is an elongated island country located in the middle latitudes from 20 to 46°N, consisting of four main islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) and a number of small islands. Approximately 66 % of the land is covered with a variety of forest types ranging from subboreal to temperate and subtropical forests (Fig. 1.1). More than 1,200 woody plants grow natively on the Japanese Archipel-ago (Biodiversity Center of Japan 2010) and merit the explorat
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