Diversity of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: circuits and functions
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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
REVIEW
Diversity of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: circuits and functions Marcos L. Aranda1 · Tiffany M. Schmidt1,2 Received: 4 May 2020 / Revised: 10 August 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are a relatively recently discovered class of atypical ganglion cell photoreceptor. These ipRGCs are a morphologically and physiologically heterogeneous population that project widely throughout the brain and mediate a wide array of visual functions ranging from photoentrainment of our circadian rhythms, to driving the pupillary light reflex to improve visual function, to modulating our mood, alertness, learning, sleep/wakefulness, regulation of body temperature, and even our visual perception. The presence of melanopsin as a unique molecular signature of ipRGCs has allowed for the development of a vast array of molecular and genetic tools to study ipRGC circuits. Given the emerging complexity of this system, this review will provide an overview of the genetic tools and methods used to study ipRGCs, how these tools have been used to dissect their role in a variety of visual circuits and behaviors in mice, and identify important directions for future study. Keywords Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells · Melanopsin · Non-image-forming visual pathway · Pattern vision · Circadian · Retina Abbreviations AAV Adeno-associated virus aDTA Attenuated version of the diphtheria toxin AH Anterior hypothalamus AP Alkaline phosphatase BST Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis CNO Clozapine N-oxide cOPN Olivary pretectal nucleus core CTB Cholera toxin B subunit dLGN Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus DREADDs Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs DTA Diphtheria toxin GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid GFP Green fluorescent protein iDTR Inducible diphtheria toxin receptor IGL Intergeniculate leaflet IPL Inner plexiform layer * Tiffany M. Schmidt [email protected] 1
Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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iPLR Intrinsic pupillary light reflex ipRGC Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell LH Lateral hypothalamic area LHb Lateral habenula MA Medial amygdaloid nucleus PACAP Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide PAG Periaqueductal gray PDE Phosphodiesterase PHb Perihabenular nucleus PLC Phospholipase C PLR Pupillary light reflex pSON Peri-supraoptic nucleus R26 Rosa26 RGC Retinal ganglion cell SC Superior colliculus SCN Suprachiasmatic nucleus sOPN Olivary pretectal nucleus shell SPZ Subparaventricular zone TRPC Transient receptor potential channels vLGN Ventral lateral geniculate nucleus VLPO Ventral lateral preoptic area X-gal 5-Bromo- 4-chloro-3-indolyl-b-D-galactopyranoside
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