Light-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Damage and the Relevant Mechanisms
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REVIEW PAPER
Light‑Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Damage and the Relevant Mechanisms Yuan Zhao1 · Ye Shen1 Received: 9 December 2019 / Accepted: 18 February 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract While light is the basic element for inducing vision and modulating circadian rhythms, excessive light has been reported to have a negative effect on the survival of various types of retinal cells. Among them photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells degeneration after light exposure is widely observed, but light-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage achieves relatively little attention. The purpose of this article is to summarize the experimental evidence for the possible negative effects of excessive light on RGCs. By searching the database, twenty-six related articles have been included. Taken together, excessive light may insult RGCs through the three main ways: (i) directly action on RGC mitochondria, as well as DNA, resulting in an upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequently caspase-dependent or -independent cell death; (ii) mediation in gliotransmitters or relevant receptors of retinal glial cells; and (iii) a secondary event to photoreceptors and RPE cells degeneration and subsequent retinal remodeling. So RGCs can certainly be injured by excessive light, especially when they are already energetically compromised in some diseases. And more attentions should be paid to this topic to take timely measures to protect these frail RGCs from being damaged by excessive light. Keywords Light · Retinal ganglion cell · Apoptosis · Necroptosis
Introduction Light is the basic element for inducing vision and modulating circadian rhythms, and normal daily levels of light are believed to have no harmful effects to eyes without underling diseases. However, excessive light has been reported to have a negative effect on the survival of various types of retinal cells (Organisciak and Vaughan 2010; Del Olmo-Aguado et al. 2012; Garcia-Ayuso et al. 2011; Wenzel et al. 2005). Among them, photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells have gained the most attention mainly because these cell types express photosensitizers, which are able to absorb and be affected by light (Organisciak and Vaughan 2010; Boulton et al. 2001). As widely known, excessive light has been suggested to enhance the progression and severity of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (Simons 1993; Cideciyan et al. 1998), which is characterized by photoreceptor and RPE cell degeneration in the central retina. Also, * Ye Shen [email protected] 1
Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
light-induced retinal degeneration models are widely used to study the characteristics and treatments of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and have been documented to mimic some features of human AMD (Garcia-Ayuso et al. 2011, 2018). Unfortunately, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the only efferent neuron in retina, that pl
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