DNA repair mechanisms and Toxoplasma gondii infection
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MINI-REVIEW
DNA repair mechanisms and Toxoplasma gondii infection Beata Smolarz · Jan Wilczyn´ski · Dorota Nowakowska
Received: 6 June 2013 / Revised: 15 October 2013 / Accepted: 23 November 2013 / Published online: 14 December 2013 © The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Lately, we can observe significant progress in understanding mechanism of DNA repair owing to fast methods of DNA sequence analysis from different organisms the revealing of structure and function of DNA repair proteins in prokaryota and eukaryota. The protozoan parasites survival depends on DNA repair systems. Better understanding of DNA repair systems can help in new antipathogen drug development. This review is aimed at updating our current knowledge of the various repair pathways by providing an overview of DNA repair genes regarding Toxoplasma gondii infections and the corresponding proteins, participating either directly in DNA repair, or in checkpoint control and signaling of DNA damage. Keywords Toxoplasma gondii · DNA repair mechanism · Immune system
Introduction Some reports document the Toxoplasma gondii infection as related to extensive manipulation of host cell processes, including the control of the cell cycle, apoptosis and DNA damage response (Blader and Saeij 2009). In addition,
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. B. Smolarz · J. Wilczyn´ski · D. Nowakowska (*) Department of Fetal‑Maternal Medicine and Gynecology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska Street, 93‑338 Lodz, Poland e-mail: [email protected] B. Smolarz e-mail: [email protected]
pathogen may need to evade the host immune system (Blader and Saeij 2009). The achievements in parasites infection are still not sufficient compared to the problem scale. The molecular genetics technologies have been instrumental in increasing our understanding of T. gondii replication within its host cell, DNA damages development and DNA repair mechanisms. DNA sequencing analysis is a key tool in many fields. A large number of different sciences are receiving the benefits of these techniques, ranging from genetics, biotechnology and molecular biology. DNA sequencing is promoting new discoveries that are revolutionizing the conceptual foundations of many fields. DNA sequence analysis in samples from different organisms (yeast, plant, bacteria, parasites and human) by methods such as the Sanger technique, the Maxam & Gilbert technique and the method of single-molecule sequencing with exonuclease has been proposed as a useful tool for the revealing of structure and function of genes encoding DNA repair proteins (Jazayeri and Jackson 2002; Wood et al. 2005; Martins-Pinheiro et al. 2007; Gill and Fast 2007; Singh et al. 2010; Lluch-Senar et al. 2013). Some of sequence technologies are methods based on atomic force microscopy, on the use of nanopores or ion channels and DNA microarrays (Mikheikin et al. 2006; Kozarewa and Turner 2011; Li et al. 2013). These technologies and approaches have been very importa
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