Dose-Dependent Dual Effect of Soil Copper on the Initial Development of Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. BRS 257 Seedlings
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Dose-Dependent Dual Effect of Soil Copper on the Initial Development of Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. BRS 257 Seedlings Diego Genuário Gomes1 · Lucas Santana da Cunha2 · Halley Caixeta Oliveira3 Received: 12 July 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate, through nonlinear regression models, the initial development of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. BRS 257) in soil supplemented with different copper levels. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse under natural light and temperature conditions. The seeds were sowed in soil containing different copper levels (11.20, 32.28, 52.31, 64.51, 79.42, 117.70, 133.53, 144.32, or 164.00 mg k g− 1). Germination percentage was not affected by the increase of copper content in the soil, but there was a delay in the germination process. There was no influence of copper levels on the seedling emergence speed index until 98.42 mg kg− 1; however, higher copper amounts reduced this parameter. Low copper concentrations increased plant development, but higher concentrations compromised mainly root growth. Overall, these results suggest that copper supplementation in the soil exerted dose-dependent dual effects on soybean seedlings. Keywords Germination · Heavy metals · Nonlinear regression · Segmented regression · Soybean Soybean is the main oilseed crop worldwide, as it is a good source of low-cost protein and other nutritive factors for humans and animal feed; thus, it is a valuable crop for both developed and developing nations (Khojely et al. 2018). Although this crop is suitable for growing in diverse environmental conditions, it often suffers from different biotic and abiotic stresses, which result in substantial losses in yield and grain quality (Hasanuzzaman et al. 2012). Because of its agronomic importance, soybean has often been the subject of research to understand its response to different conditions aiming at increasing stress resistance and improving yield (Pagano and Miransari 2016). Among biotic stresses, Asian soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Sydow. & Sydow.) is the most * Halley Caixeta Oliveira [email protected] 1
Department of Agronomy, State University of Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, km 380, Londrina, PR 86057‑970, Brazil
2
Department of Statistic, State University of Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, km 380, Londrina, PR 86057‑970, Brazil
3
Department of Animal and Plant Biology, State University of Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, km 380, Londrina, PR 86057‑970, Brazil
destructive, and over 80% of losses are common when environmental conditions are conducive to disease progression (Godoy et al. 2009). Copper (Cu)-based fungicides have been used in combination with more specific systemic products to improve effectiveness and resistance management (Juliatti et al. 2017). As protective fungicides, good coverage of the target must be achieved with the application of large amounts of the product. Thus, the co
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